571. A note on the 2-colored rectilinear crossing number of random point sets in the unit squareSergio Cabello, Éva Czabarka, Ruy Fabila-Monroy, Yuya Higashikawa, Raimund Seidel, László Székely, Josef Tkadlec, Alexandra Wesolek, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Let $S$ be a set of four points chosen independently, uniformly at random from a square. Join every pair of points of $S$ with a straight line segment. Color these edges red if they have positive slope and blue, otherwise. We show that the probability that $S$ defines a pair of crossing edges of the same color is equal to $1/4$. This is connected to a recent result of Aichholzer et al. who showed that by $2$-colouring the edges of a geometric graph and counting monochromatic crossings instead of crossings, the number of crossings can be more than halved. Our result shows that for the described random drawings, there is a coloring of the edges such that the number of monochromatic crossings is in expectation ${1 \over 2} - {7 \over 50}$ of the total number of crossings.
Keywords: arrangement of points, flat, hyperplane
Published in DiRROS: 03.10.2024; Views: 174; Downloads: 91
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572. Conservation of molecular responses upon viral infection in the non-vascular plant Marchantia polymorphaEric Ros-Moner, Tamara Jiménez-Góngora, Luis Villar-Martin, Lana Vogrinec, Víctor M. González-Miguel, Denis Kutnjak, Ignacio Rubio-Somoza, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: After plants transitioned from water to land around 450 million years ago, they faced novel pathogenic microbes. Their colonization of diverse habitats was driven by anatomical innovations like roots, stomata, and vascular tissue, which became central to plant-microbe interactions. However, the impact of these innovations on plant immunity and pathogen infection strategies remains poorly understood. Here, we explore plant-virus interactions in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha to gain insights into the evolution of these relationships. Virome analysis reveals that Marchantia is predominantly associated with RNA viruses. Comparative studies with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) show that Marchantia shares core defense responses with vascular plants but also exhibits unique features, such as a sustained wound response preventing viral spread. Additionally, general defense responses in Marchantia are equivalent to those restricted to vascular tissues in Nicotiana, suggesting that evolutionary acquisition of developmental innovations results in re-routing of defense responses in vascular plants.
Keywords: plant-virus interactions, bryophytes, virome analysis, high-throughput sequencing, virology, pathogenic, innovations, interactions, RNA viruses, plant defense response, botany
Published in DiRROS: 02.10.2024; Views: 248; Downloads: 278
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573. Mutual-visibility in strong products of graphs via total mutual-visibilitySerafino Cicerone, Gabriele Di Stefano, Sandi Klavžar, Ismael G. Yero, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Let $G$ be a graph and $X\subseteq V(G)$. Then $X$ is a mutual-visibility set if each pair of vertices from $X$ is connected by a geodesic with no internal vertex in $X$. The mutual-visibility number $\mu(G)$ of $G$ is the cardinality of a largest mutual-visibility set. In this paper, the mutual-visibility number of strong product graphs is investigated. As a tool for this, total mutual-visibility sets are introduced. Along the way, basic properties of such sets are presented. The (total) mutual-visibility number of strong products is bounded from below in two ways, and determined exactly for strong grids of arbitrary dimension. Strong prisms are studied separately and a couple of tight bounds for their mutual-visibility number are given.
Keywords: mutual-visibility set, mutual-visibility number, total mutual-visibility set, strong product of graphs
Published in DiRROS: 02.10.2024; Views: 228; Downloads: 107
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575. On distance magic labelings of Hamming graphs and folded hypercubesŠtefko Miklavič, Primož Šparl, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Let $\Gamma = (V,E)$ be a graph of order $n$. A distance magic labeling of $\Gamma$ is a bijection $\ell \colon V \to \{1,2, \ldots, n\}$ for which there exists a positive integer $k$ such that $\sum_{x \in N(u)} \ell(x) = k$ for all vertices $u \in V$, where $N(u)$ is the neighborhood of $u$. A graph is said to be distance magic if it admits a distance magic labeling. The Hamming graph $\mathrm{H}(D,q)$, where $D, q$ are positive integers, is the graph whose vertex set consists of all words of length $D$ over an alphabet of size $q$ in which two vertices are adjacent whenever the corresponding words differ in precisely one position. The well-known hypercubes are precisely the Hamming graphs with $q = 2$. Distance magic hypercubes were classified in two papers from 2013 and 2016. In this paper we consider all Hamming graphs. We provide a sufficient condition for a Hamming graph to be distance magic and as a corollary provide an infinite number of pairs $(D, q)$ for which the corresponding Hamming graph $\mathrm{H}(D,q)$ is distance magic. A folded hypercube is a graph obtained from a hypercube by identifying pairs of vertices at maximal distance. We classify distance magic folded hypercubes by showing that the dimension-$D$ folded hypercube is distance magic if and only if $D$ is divisible by $4$.
Keywords: distance magic labeling, distance magic graph, Hamming graph, folded hypercube
Published in DiRROS: 02.10.2024; Views: 209; Downloads: 89
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576. Testing woodchips for their efficiency in stimulating aquatic nutrient uptake at different experimental and spatial scalesElmira Akbari, Tjaša Matjašič, Anna-Lisa Dittrich, Katrin Attermeyer, Rebecca Hood-Nowotny, Gabriele Weigelhofer, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Introduction: Woodchips as a source of particulate organic carbon (POC) are proposed as a nature-based solution to enhance nutrient uptake and retention in agricultural streams. However, the effective implementation of woodchips for nutrient removal in streams requires an advanced understanding of their potential and limits, considering their performance under various environmental conditions. This study tested the efficiency of woodchips on the uptake of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and ammonium (N-NH4) across different experimental scales and complexity. We investigated whether the presence of woodchips can increase SRP and N-NH4 uptake in laboratory flumes under controlled conditions, outdoor flumes under semi-controlled conditions, and agricultural streams. Additionally, we examined how the effects of woodchips will change over time via a 6-week incubation in the outdoor flumes. Methods: The woodchips were pre-colonized for four weeks to allow the growth of biofilms. We performed short-term nutrient additions without (control) and with (treatment) woodchips in all three experimental setups. Uptake parameters were determined via concentration changes over time in the laboratory flumes and concentration changes over travel distance in the outdoor flumes and the stream channels. The effects of woodchips on SRP and N-NH4 uptake rates were analyzed using an effect size model. Results: We found positive effects of woodchips on nutrient uptake only in the laboratory flumes but no or even negative effects in the outdoor flumes and the agricultural streams. Over the 6-week incubation in the outdoor flumes, we did not observe significant changes in the effects of woodchips on nutrient uptake. Discussion: These findings highlight that considering experimental scales and influencing environmental conditions is crucial when testing the application of woodchips as nature-based solutions to mitigate nutrient loads in agricultural streams.
Keywords: biofilms, nutrient uptake, particulate organic carbon (POC), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), ammonium (N-NH4), woodchips, experimental scales
Published in DiRROS: 02.10.2024; Views: 211; Downloads: 262
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577. Priročnik S4Q za proizvajalce peletPeter Prislan, Nike Krajnc, Mitja Piškur, Matevž Triplat, Darja Stare, Matjaž Dremelj, 2024, dictionary, encyclopaedia, lexicon, manual, atlas, map Published in DiRROS: 30.09.2024; Views: 307; Downloads: 812
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578. In pursuit of change : divergent temporal shifts in climate sensitivity of Norway spruce along an elevational and continentality gradient in the CarpathiansAndrei Popa, Jernej Jevšenak, Ionel Popa, Ovidiu Badea, Allan Buras, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Across much of Europe, climate change has caused a major dieback of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), an economically important tree species. However, the southeasternmost fringe of this tree species – the Eastern Carpathians – has not yet suffered large-scale dieback. Studying temporal shifts of climate sensitivity (TSCS) over time may elucidate the degree to which Norway spruce may be vulnerable to climate-change induced decline in upcoming decades. Under this framework, we analyzed a regional tree-ring network comprising >3000 trees, with the aim of quantifying TSCS since 1950. We mathematically defined TSCS as the slope parameter of the regression of climate sensitivity (the correlation coefficient) over time. Given the often-observed contrasting shift of climate sensitivity at low versus high elevations, we were particularly interested in studying potentially divergent TSCS along elevational and spatial gradients. Our analyses revealed several indications of TSCS for Norway spruce in the Eastern Carpathians. First, at high elevations (>1100 m a.s.l.), we found that the positive link between summer temperature and spruce growth decreased significantly over the study period. In turn, these trees, over time, featured an increasing positive relationship with late winter temperatures. At low elevations (<800 m a.s.l.), the signal of positive summer Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) correlation became more frequent among sites towards 2021, while the strength of the positive winter SPEI correlation from the previous growing season weakened. Our results revealed that TSCS was driven significantly by an elevational climate gradient and a longitudinal continentality gradient. Overall, our findings indicate that Norway spruce is increasingly affected by water limitations under climate change at low elevations, highlighting a potentially rising risk of decline of this species in the Eastern Carpathians.
Keywords: temperature, water availability, climate change, tree-ring width, non-stationarity, Picea abies, daily climate-growth relationships
Published in DiRROS: 30.09.2024; Views: 283; Downloads: 655
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