21. Določanje prostornine dreves s krivuljami za opis oblike debla (KOOD)Luka Krajnc, Gal Kušar, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Krivulje za opis oblike debla (KOOD) (ang. t.i. »taper functions«) zvezno opisujejo odnos med višino drevesa in premerom debla na ravni posameznega drevesa, od tal do vrha drevesa. Z njihovo uporabo lahko na katerikoli višini od tal (ali od vrha drevesa) določimo premer debla in tako lahko npr. pri izračunih prostornine drevesa ali sortimentov izberemo poljuben zgornji najmanjši premer, izračunamo srednje premere posameznih sortimentov ali izračunamo prostornino posameznih poljubno izbranih delov debla. Kar potrebujemo za izračun prostornin kot vhodni podatek, je drevesna vrsta, prsni premer ter višina (izmerjena ali izračunana iz višinske krivulje) ter KOOD. Na primeru smreke predstaviva prednosti in omejitve omenjenih krivulj ter narediva primerjavo izdelane slovenske KOOD za smreko in obstoječih nemških KOOD. Rezultati določanja prostornine dreves po obeh KOOD so primerljivi. S pomočjo sekcijskih meritev premerov, bodisi ročnih ali optičnih, lahko tuje KOOD lokalno prilagodimo za slovenske razmere. Z uporabo KOOD izboljšamo zanesljivost določanja prostornine dreves in omogočimo nove preračune prostornin potencialnih sortimentov
Ključne besede: taper krivulje, krivulje za opis oblike debla, KOOD, izračun prostornine drevesa, smreka
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 12.07.2022; Ogledov: 713; Prenosov: 201
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22. What could be 3DForEcoTech COST Action contribution to National Forest Inventories : presented at the 3DForEcoTech workshop, 15.06.2022, PragueGal Kušar, Mitja Skudnik, Luka Krajnc, Anže Martin Pintar, 2022, prispevek na konferenci brez natisa Ključne besede: National Forest Inventory, dendrometry, improvement, field mensuration, Slovenia
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.06.2022; Ogledov: 762; Prenosov: 0 |
23. A comparison of radial increment and wood density from beech provenance trials in Slovenia and HungaryLuka Krajnc, Peter Prislan, Gregor Božič, Marjana Westergren, Domen Arnič, Csaba Mátyás, Jožica Gričar, Hojka Kraigher, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Provenance trials are a valuable source of information, especially in species such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), which will likely increase its distribution due to global warming. The current study compares radial increment and wood density of beech provenances in the juvenile development stage from contrasting environments in Europe (Belgium, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Italy) planted at a mesic to wet site in Slovenia and a xeric site in Hungary. Existing data (past measurements of diameters and height) were combined with new measurements of tree height, diameter, dendrochronological and resistance drilling density measurements to assess differences in provenance radial growth. The wood density data were evaluated using a Bayesian general linear model. In order to study the differences in radial increment in more detail, two weather-wise contrasting years (2014 and 2017) were selected from the last decade, based on calculations of the 12-month Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index. The differences in average tree-ring width among provenances at each sampled site appeared to be relatively small when averaged over a whole decade of data. However, according to year-to-year data, some provenances grew faster than others, especially in favorable weather conditions. In unfavorable conditions, the differences in tree-ring widths among provenances were smaller. For most provenances, variation in tree-ring widths within the same provenance increased in unfavorable conditions. The difference between the provenances with the highest and lowest wood densities at both locations did not exceed 5%. The model results indicate that the Idrija (Slovenia) provenance probably has a higher median wood density than other studied provenances at both sites. Although the current study confirmed some differences in wood density between provenances and trial locations, the differences are negligible in practice due to their low magnitude and the fact that the analyzed trees were still juvenile. As beech has a diffuse-porous wood, negligible differences in wood density would also be expected in adult trees. Beech provenances for planting in relation to changing weather should probably be chosen for their ability to survive more extreme weather events rather than to improve radial increment or wood density, especially as the differences in wood density of juvenile trees are relatively small.
Ključne besede: Fagus sylvatica, tree-ring width, common garden, resistance drilling
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.04.2022; Ogledov: 642; Prenosov: 478
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24. Relationships between wood-anatomical features and resistance drilling density in Norway spruce and European beechDomen Arnič, Luka Krajnc, Jožica Gričar, Peter Prislan, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Environmental conditions affect tree-ring width (TRW), wood structure, and, consequently, wood density, which is one of the main wood quality indicators. Although studies on inter- and intra-annual variability in tree-ring features or density exist, studies demonstrating a clear link between wood structure on a cellular level and its effect on wood density on a macroscopic level are rare. Norway spruce with its simple coniferous structure and European beech, a diffuse-porous angiosperm species were selected to analyze these relationships. Increment cores were collected from both species at four sites in Slovenia. In total, 24 European beech and 17 Norway spruce trees were sampled. In addition, resistance drilling measurements were performed just a few centimeters above the increment core sampling. TRW and quantitative wood anatomy measurements were performed on the collected cores. Resistance drilling density values, tree-ring (TRW, earlywood width–EWW, transition-TWW, and latewood width–LWW) and wood-anatomical features (vessel/tracheid area and diameter, cell density, relative conductive area, and cell wall thickness) were then averaged for the first 7 cm of measurements. We observed significant relationships between tree-ring and wood-anatomical features in both spruce and beech. In spruce, the highest correlation values were found between TRW and LWW. In beech, the highest correlations were observed between TRW and cell density. There were no significant relationships between wood-anatomical features and resistance drilling density in beech. However, in spruce, a significant negative correlation was found between resistance drilling density and tangential tracheid diameter, and a positive correlation between resistance drilling density and both TWW + LWW and LWW. Our findings suggest that resistance drilling measurements can be used to evaluate differences in density within and between species, but they should be improved in resolution to be able to detect changes in wood anatomy.
Ključne besede: wood structure, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, quantitative wood anatomy, xylem anatomy, wood density, increment borer
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 08.04.2022; Ogledov: 608; Prenosov: 442
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25. Pregled, izbira in analiza lesnih vrst : Rezultat D1.1.1 (M24, dokument)Luka Krajnc, Polona Hafner, Andreja Vedenik, Jožica Gričar, Primož Simončič, 2020, elaborat, predštudija, študija Ključne besede: les, leseni izdelki, indikatorji kakovosti lesa, gostota lesa
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.04.2021; Ogledov: 1277; Prenosov: 79
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26. Gostota lesa - metode določanja in pomen pri razvoju gozdno lesnega biogospodarstvaDomen Arnič, Miha Humar, Davor Kržišnik, Luka Krajnc, Peter Prislan, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Gostota lesa je fizikalna lastnost, ki je enostavno določljiva in nakazuje na številne druge lastnosti lesa in s tem tudi na njegovo uporabnost v lesno-predelovalni industriji, gradbeništvu ali energetiki. Ker je odvisna od vlažnosti ter poroznosti, se v stroki pojavljajo različne definicije gostot lesa, med katerimi je največkrat uporabljena gostota lesa v absolutno suhem stanju. Namen prispevka je predstavitev različnih načinov določanja gostote lesa ter pomen hitrega in natančnega določanje tega parametra kakovosti pri razvoju gozdno lesnega biogospodarstva. V stroki obstaja več neposrednih in posrednih metod določanja gostote; najbolj običajen in razširjen je volumetrični pristop, sledi postopek ocenjevanja gostote s penetrometrom, rezistografom, visokofrekvenčno denzitometrijo, rentgenskimi žarki, infrardečo spektroskopijo ter mikrovalovi. Les je surovina, ki ji bo v prihodnosti pomen še naraščal, saj je ključna za razvoj trajnostnega biogospodarstva. Natančno in pravočasno določanje gostote lesa bo omogočalo ustrezno razporejanje in usmerjanje tokov te surovine med posameznimi konvencionalnimi in novimi sektorji (področji rabe) in posledično bolj učinkovito in trajnostno rabo.
Ključne besede: lastnosti lesa, gostota lesa, rezistograf, penetrometer, rentgenska denzitometrija, visokofrekvenčna denzitometrija, gozdno lesno biogospodarstvo
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.03.2021; Ogledov: 4160; Prenosov: 2498
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27. The effect of crown social class on bark thickness and sapwood moisture content in Norway spruceLuka Krajnc, Jožica Gričar, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The research study examined the effect of tree properties (crown social class, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height) on bark thickness (BT) and sapwood moisture content (SMC) in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). Both examined variables were shown to be positively affected by DBH and tree height. The relationship between DBH and SMC varied among crown social classes, while the relationship between DBH and BT was relatively constant across crown social classes. Crown social class had a relatively small effect on BT and SMC, having a more pronounced effect on SMC than on BT. The relationship between tree height and BT did not vary across crown social classes, while the relationship between SMC and tree height was found to change slightly across crown social classes. Measurements of BT and SMC in the field are affordable, fast, and easy to use. Both variables could potentially be used to improve predictions of bark beetle attacks, as they reflect the physiological state of an individual tree.
Ključne besede: Picea abies, tree diameter, tree height, crown social class, phloem, sapwood
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.01.2021; Ogledov: 1224; Prenosov: 1034
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28. The effect of bedrock and species mixture on wood density and radial wood increment in pubescent oak and black pineLuka Krajnc, Polona Hafner, Jožica Gričar, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Wood density and radial wood increment were examined in trees of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) and black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold., subsp. nigra) in relation to stand mixture and underlying bedrock. Trees of both species from pure and mixed stands were sampled across two types of bedrock, limestone and flysch. Trees from each species were similar in age. Wood density was estimated in standing trees using resistance drilling and increment cores were taken from a smaller subsample of trees of both species. Tree-ring, earlywood and latewood widths were measured and compared to radial profiles of wood density. The influence of stand mixture, diameter at breast height and bedrock on wood density was examined using a Bayesian general linear model. Wood density was significantly higher in pubescent oak than in black pine. Stand mixture was found to affect wood density positively, although the magnitude of the effect was relatively small when compared to other influencing factors also included in the current study. The effect of diameter on wood density was positive on both bedrocks in pubescent oak and negative or neutral in black pine. The size of the effect varied by bedrock and species. On flysch bedrock, the influence of diameter on wood density was stronger than it was on limestone. These indirect bedrock effects on wood density are probably a result of different soil fertility rather than the bedrock itself. There was a notable difference in radial wood increment in both species across the two bedrocks, whereas the differences in densities were smaller. Higher wood densities found on flysch in the subsample of pubescent oaks are likely an effect of higher proportions of latewood, while the opposite trend was observed in black pine. Higher wood density was found on limestone in black pine despite higher latewood percentages on flysch. In the context of forest management, the species composition of the naturally occurring mixtures in the sub-Mediterranean region should be adjusted slightly to favor pubescent oak, since it is a climax species and will bind more carbon for longer than black pine due to higher wood densities. Future forest management should also promote the overall development of pubescent oak trees in sub-Mediterranean stands. The results are especially important in the European context, because the share of sub-Mediterranean stands is expected to rise with global warming.
Ključne besede: Karst, wood structure, resistograph, resistance drilling, Quercus pubescens, Pinus nigra, limestone, flysch
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.01.2021; Ogledov: 1117; Prenosov: 382
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29. Umerjanje rezistografskih meritev gostote lesa na stoječih drevesih : pretvorba v osnovno gostotoLuka Krajnc, Polona Hafner, Jožica Gričar, Primož Simončič, 2020, kratki znanstveni prispevek Povzetek: V prispevku predstavljamo proces in rezultate določitve korekcijskih količnikov za pretvorbo rezistografskih gostot, izmerjenih na stoječih drevesih, v osnovno gostoto lesa na primeru bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.), puhastega hrasta (Quercus pubescens Willd.) in črnega bora (Pinus nigraArnold.). Korekcijski količniki so bili določeni na podlagi sveže odžaganih kolutov, ki so bili povrtani z rezistografom. Kolute smo stehtali, izmerili njihovo prostornino ter jih posušili do absolutno suhega stanja. Iz zbranih podatkov smo nato izračunali osnovno gostoto lesa ter korekcijske količnike med osnovno in rezistografsko gostoto. V raziskavo je bilo zajetih 59 kolutov. Aritmetična sredina vseh izmerjenih količnikov znaša 1,41, vrednosti 95 % intervala zaupanja pa znašajo od 1,38 do 1,46. Razlike med drevesnimi vrstami so statistično neznačilne. Rezistografska gostota relativno dobro odraža osnovno gostoto kolutov (Pearsonov korelacijski koeficient = 0,91; p < 0,001), kar nakazuje na relativno dobro povezanost osnovnih gostot kolutov z rezistografskimi gostotami. Dobljeni rezultati so ključnega pomena za nadaljnji razvoj področja merjenja dejanskih gostot lesa v stoječih drevesih na hiter in relativno nedestruktiven način.
Ključne besede: rezistograf, gostota lesa, kakovost lesa, bukev, puhasti hrast, črni bor
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.12.2020; Ogledov: 1694; Prenosov: 472
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30. Meritve gostote lesa v slovenskih gozdovihLuka Krajnc, Polona Hafner, Andreja Vedenik, Jožica Gričar, Primož Simončič, 2020, strokovni članek Povzetek: V prispevku je predstavljen primer raziskave o variabilnosti kakovosti lesa različnih drevesnih vrst v slovenskih gozdovih. Meritve gostote, ki je eden glavnih pokazateljev kakovosti lesa, bodo služile za izdelavo podatkovne baze za oceno prostorske variabilnosti kakovosti lesa v Sloveniji. Zanesljivih in objektivnih podatkov o kakovosti lesa v naših gozdovih je relativno malo. Takšne baze so na ravni Slovenije izjemno pomembne, saj omogočajo vpogled v kakovost lesa, ki bo v prihodnje na voljo kot surovina na trgu za domačo lesno industrijo. Podobne baze bodo pomembne za izračun količine vezanega ogljika v nadzemni in podzemni biomasi za Slovenijo, hkrati pa bodo zbrani podatki služili tudi kot izhodišče za nadaljnje analize kakovosti lesa, zlasti mehanske lastnosti, ki so ključne pri uporabi lesa za konstrukcijske namene. Lastnosti in razpoložljivost lesa ekonomsko pomembnih drevesnih vrst so osnova za razvoj gozdno-lesne verige glede novih tehnologij, razvoja novih biomaterialov in potenciala rabe lesa različnih kakovosti z optimalnimi izkoristki.
Ključne besede: rezistograf, gostota lesa, kakovost lesa, listavci, iglavci
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.08.2020; Ogledov: 1966; Prenosov: 546
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