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162. Ontological (in)security and the Kurdish issue in Turkey : ǂthe ǂuse of security discourse (1925‒1984)Gökçe Balaban, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: How could one account for the discourse of security used by the Turkish state considering the Kurdish issue before 1984, when the terrorist attacks of the Partiya Karkaren Kurdistani (PKK) had not yet started, and hence there was no physical security threat against the state? This article aims to answer this question from the perspective of ontological (in)security. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis of state discourse, the article argues that the political, social and cultural traits of Kurdish identity created uncertainty in the Turkish self after the Sheikh Said re-bellion in 1925. Tribal/religious structures that were influential among Kurds and the expression of Kurdishness as a distinct identity disrupted the autobiographi-cal narratives about Turkishness, hence generating ontological insecurity for the Turkish state. To overcome this problem, the state relied on security discourse and securitized the traits of Kurdish identity, by which it felt threatened. As a result of this securitization, the state was able to legitimize the extraordinary measures taken against Kurds, such as forced resettlements. Securitization, in this sense, regenerated ontological security for the state, because the extraordinary measures served to suppress the Kurdish identity that threatened the certainty and conti-nuity of the Turkish self.
Ključne besede: Kurds, ontological security, ontological insecurity, the Kurdish issue, security discourse, securatization, Turkey
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 433; Prenosov: 266
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163. The Construction of Turkey’s Circassians as a docile minorityUlaş Sunata, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The 2014 Sochi Olympic Winter Games revived memories related to the Cir-cassians’ forced migration from their Caucasus homeland into the Ottoman Em-pire after 150 years. In that year, I conducted a considerable oral history project to understand the collective memories of Circassians in Turkey. The main focus of this study is, however, the social construction of the Circassian minority in Turkey. I examine their oral historical narratives related to their immigration, reception and resettlement, and instrumentalization. It is as important to place emphasis on the protected, multiplied and renewed sociocultural values of Circassians as it is to confront the history. I will examine the relationship between their diasporic identity and minority identity as well as their preferences in identity reproduction.
Ključne besede: Circassians, Adyghe, minority, diaspora, ethnicity, collective memory, social construction
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 478; Prenosov: 284
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164. Struggles and dilemmas of Uyghur immigrants in TurkeyMettursun Beydulla, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The social and economic integration of the Uyghurs into Turkish society reflec-ts a problem to which policy makers have not yet found a response. Marginalized by the larger society and separated by linguistic differences and cultural and social life-styles, a significant proportion of Uyghurs, especially “newcomers” who have arrived since the 1980s, is in danger of becoming part of a “parallel society.” This is reinforced by exclusion, inferiorization and “otherness,” restricted educational achievements, uncertain citizenship, legal status limbo and low socioeconomic status. Pro-Uyghur, pro-independence and anti-Chinese government mobiliza-tion in Turkey has attracted the attention of Chinese authorities for a long time, and this attention has in turn affected and shaped mobilization in Turkey. The Turkey-China relationship is involved as well. The main goals of Chinese policy and strategy in Turkey are the security of “Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region” (a.k.a. East Turkistan), access to natural resources, security of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and economic and technological investment. It means that China believes it must consolidate its control of “Xinjiang” (East Turkistan) and restrain the Uyghur independence movement in Turkey. China’s economic and technolo-gical power and investments in Turkey are not just increasing its influence; they are making Turkey far more reticent to speak out about Beijing’s abuses, systematic oppression and atrocities in the “Xinjiang” (East Turkistan). China’s geo-econo-mic strategy has resulted in political influence in Turkey that profoundly affects its Uyghur population.
Ključne besede: Uyghur refugees, Uyghur immigration, integration, Uyghur dilemma, Turkish policy, Turkish and Chinese relations
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 584; Prenosov: 376
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165. The diminishing agency of urbanised Alevis against the raise of political Islam in TurkeyÖzge Onay, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This paper critically examines the diminishing agency of the first-urbanised Alevi generation vis- à-vis the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and their sec-tarian agenda mediated by political Islam. The conceptual position is underpinned by Foucault’s concept of governmentality and theory of agency in broader cultu-ral terms. These theoretical frameworks interweave to present a rich and complex set of snapshots that document the first-urbanised Alevi generation’s decreasing possibilities of action in the urban context. Accordingly, the empirical data that informs this piece has been collected by a series of qualitative and semi-structured interviews with the first-urbanised Alevi generation, children of those who migra-ted to urban areas in the 1960s and wittingly or unwittingly kept their identities undisclosed to varying degrees. Those interviewed come from a range of different professional backgrounds, with the only common point being that they have spent their childhoods and adult years in Istanbul, Turkey. Through a close engagement with the empirical material, this paper addresses the effects of the AKP’s Sunnifica-tion process centring around political Islam on the first generation urbanised Ale-vis and to what extent the systemic nature of this process attenuates or takes away their agency in the urban context. The account is focused around three key the-mes including daily life, institutional forms of discrimination and the workplace.
Ključne besede: political Islam, AKP government, urbanised Alevis, agency
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 488; Prenosov: 289
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166. Returning home : ǂthe ǂambivalent Assyrian experience in TurkeyAbdulmesih BarAbraham, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Discrimination and precarious living conditions in Tur Abdin, in southeastern Turkey, prompted Assyrians, indigenous Christian ethnic people to the country, to leave their homeland for Europe in the early 1960s. The process of migration continued for several decades and intensified with the militarization of the eastern provinces during the fight against the Kurdish PKK. Many Assyrian villages had to be abandoned. With an appeal formulated in a circular letter by Turkey’s then Pri-me Minister Bülent Ecevit in 2001, the Turkish government encouraged Assyrians abroad to return to their former homeland, assuring them that their security and rights as citizens would be guaranteed by the state. At the beginning of the new millennium, the situation in Tur Abdin seemed noticeably improved. The end of the state of emergency in the eastern provinces and the application of rule of law in the wake of the reforms in the context of EU accession process contributed to this. Many of the Assyrians who emigrated re-visited their former villages, but also tried to rebuild churches and their mostly dilapidated houses. Clarification of ownership of land and properties after occupation and changes of legal basis became a key issue.
Ključne besede: Assyrians, migrations, minorities, propety issues
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 552; Prenosov: 285
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167. "So what if I am Laz?" : irony, mokery and humor in ethnic integration and insubordinationAyşe Serdar, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This study argues that the ethnic Laz in Turkey resort to irony, humor and mockery to cope with and negotiate the stereotypes, ethnic humor and mockery they encounter in their interactions with outsiders. The trope of irony, humor and mockery have enabled the Laz to navigate the national and regional hierarchies and reproduce their symbolic boundaries regardless of the common and ardent appropriation of Turkishness. In so doing, the Laz can more subtly challenge the official ideology of uniformity. While the public use of Lazuri is still considered a threat to the negotiated boundaries of Lazness, new instruments present creative displays of their ethnic capital which do not contradict present day principles of Turkish nationalism, and offer a legitimate sharing of intimacy without embar-rassment. The Laz, like other non-Turkish Muslim peoples of the Black Sea region, abandoned their politically threatening ethnic distinctions, appropriated the capital of Turkishness through their performances, and coped with mockery and stigma by ironizing differences and negotiating, trivializing or selectively appropriating the stereotypes imposed upon them. Ironically, they have “out-performed” ethnic Turks in certain ways, in their search for acceptance as Turks, achieving upward mobility and avoiding forms of stigmatization.
Ključne besede: Turkey, Laz, ethnicity, ethnic identity, irony, humor, mockery
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 527; Prenosov: 270
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168. Surviving through tactics : ǂthe ǂeveryday life of Syrian refugees in TurkeyA. Banu Hülür, Yusuf Ekİncİ, A. Çağlar Deniz, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The Syrian civil war and related migration affected Turkish border cities such as Antakya, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Gaziantep, and Kilis. In this study, we explore the tactics and strategies developed by Syrian asylum seekers in order to cope with the prejudices and negative perceptions about Syrians commonly shared by locals. The findings of our research are drawn from the in-depth interviews we conduc-ted with more than one hundred refugees, locals, and staff members of different NGOs. Our arguments and conclusions in this article are also the result of obser-vations made during several research trips and a thorough examination of news about refugees in local and national media. Our field research lasted from August 2014 to February 2015, but the substantial part of this study was conducted bet-ween January and February 2015.
Ključne besede: Turkey, Syrian asylum seekers, sociology of everyday life, Gaziantep, Kilis
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 433; Prenosov: 286
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169. The remaking and unmaking of multi-ethnic spaces : Diyarbakir and Southeast Anatolia in the 21st centuryWilliam Gourlay, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Focusing on 21st century developments in southeast Anatolia, this article exa-mines the circumstances of minority communities within the contexts of the shifting dynamics of Turkey’s national project. Until the early 20th century southe-ast Anatolia was an ethnic patchwork. The early republican era saw efforts to “Turkify” through the promulgation of a national identity project asserting eth-nic unity. From the 1980s, conflict with the PKK gave urgency to the notion that uniformity was paramount for national cohesion. In this milieu, ethnic diversity was suspect. Circumstances changed with the AKP government’s 2002 ascendance and the earlier emergence of Kurdish municipal politicians. This article documents how thereafter the re-imagining of the national project away from an exclusive eth-nic categorisation allowed acknowledgement and accommodation of ethnic and religious diversity across southeast Anatolia. The chapter analyses these events in light of a backlash by nationalist politicians, the 2015 re-ignition of the PKK con-flict and the subsequent resurgence of nationalist rhetoric in the political arena. It appears a narrow, exclusive national identity is re-asserting itself. The article thus examines the extent to which the experience of south-eastern Anatolia represents the re-imagining of Turkey’s national project and the embrace of a previously de-nied multi-ethnic socio-political fabric.
Ključne besede: Turkey, southeast Anatolia, ethnic identity, minorities, national identity, Justice and Development Party, nationalism
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 476; Prenosov: 307
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170. Caught between the notions of ethnicity, citizenship and diaspora : ǂthe ǂcase of the Bosniaks in TurkeyMelih Çoban, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Along with many others, Bosniaks are an ethnic group within the contempora-ry Turkish nation with immigrant roots dating back to the last quarter of the 19th century. Constituting a significant ethno-demographic part of the Ottoman legacy within the modern Turkish nation, Bosniaks in Turkey have long refrained from identifying themselves with a separate ethnic or cultural identity when confronted with the assimilationist cultural policies of the new nation state. But, while adapting themselves to Turkish culture and identity, Bosniaks have also preserved a collective identity of Bosniakness, mostly owing to the fact that their population in Turkey has been fed by continuous migration waves in different periods. The aim of this study is to analyze the problematic development of a Bosniak identity in Turkey with regards to the cultural assimilation processes and continuous migration waves and other factors on both foreign and domestic scales. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that Bosniaks in Turkey do not yet constitute a Bosniak diaspora, but rather they can be regarded as a diaspora in the making.
Ključne besede: Bosniaks, Turkey, identity, diaspora, citizenship, ethnicity
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2022; Ogledov: 479; Prenosov: 280
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