1. Hydration of belite–ye’elimite–ferrite cement with addition of red mud and waste concreteMaruša Mrak, Nina Daneu, Sabina Dolenec, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The hydration kinetics, phase assemblage, microstructure and mechanical properties of belite–ye’elimite–ferrite (BYF) cement containing different secondary raw materials (red mud and waste concrete) and cured at 5, 20 or 608C were examined. Different secondary raw materials were found to lead to changes in cement hydration. The influence of these materials on the hydration processes of belite and ferrite became more noticeable at a curing temperature of 58C, but diminished with an increase in curing temperature. The BYF cement made with red mud exhibited accelerated hydration, particularly at 58C, due to higher contents of mayenite and alkali sulfate compared with cement with natural materials and waste concrete. Red mud inhibited early ettringite formation due to the presence of aphthitalite but promoted monosulfate through accelerated ye’elimite hydration. Ferrite hydration was delayed by red mud, as alkali sulfates promote belite reactivity and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation over stra¨tlingite. Periclase increased siliceous hydrogarnet formation at higher temperatures, supporting delayed yet stable strength development. The curing temperature impacted the morphology of the C-S-H (transitioning from a fine fibrillar-like structure to a foil-like structure) and affected the chemical composition of hydrates, resulting in a lower incorporation of iron in hydrogarnet and C-S-H at higher temperatures. Increased curing temperatures promoted aluminium uptake in calcium aluminium silicate hydrate.
Ključne besede: belite–ye'elimite–ferrite (BYF) cement, cement, cement paste, cementitious materials, hydrated cement, secondary raw materials, temperature
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.01.2026; Ogledov: 157; Prenosov: 142
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2. Measuring chloride binding in cementitious materials : a review by RILEM TC 298‑EBDFabien Georget, Arezou Babaahmadi, Alisa Machner, Maruša Mrak, Sabina Dolenec, Qing Xiang Xiong, Joseph Shiju, Didier Snoeck, Prannoy Suraneni, William Wilson, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The phase assemblage evolution of binders with novel supplementary cementitious materials (SCMS) during exposure to adverse environments needs to be quantified to accelerate their adoption, and further optimize binder formulation. As such, the interaction between chloride and cementitious matrices with novel SCMs needs to be quantified. The goal of workgroup 2 of RILEM TC EBD-298 is to assess the methods used to quantify chloride binding. This state-of-the-art report reviews the standardized and novel methods to measure chloride binding through an average content (acid/water soluble) or a specific bound content per phase (XRD, TGA, SEM–EDS, …). Each method is presented with respect to our current understanding of chloride binding and speciation in cementitious materials. The discussion around the purpose, use and reporting of each method highlights the gaps limiting the comparison between studies, in particular the lack of standard protocol, and complementary characterization. This review is the groundwork for a “cookbook” of experimental workflows to investigate chloride binding in modern cementitious binders.
Ključne besede: cement, chloride, supplementary cementitious materials, CSMs
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 12.01.2026; Ogledov: 214; Prenosov: 87
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3. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash-blended cementitious materials : performance, challenges, and potential solutionsBoyu Chen, Priyadharshini Perumal, Chen Liu, Yun Chen, Cheng Chang, Majda Pavlin, Davor Kvočka, Vilma Ducman, Tero Luukkonen, Mirja Illikainen, Guang Ye, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The recycling of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) has attracted global attention, driven by the increasing availability of this by-product and the demand for sustainable SCMs to lower CO2 emissions from cement production. Currently, the widespread use of MSWI bottom ash in the cement industry is hindered by the lack of guidelines to regulate material composition, optimize pretreatment processes, and specify mix design requirements. This review compiles and analyzes literature data on mix design, microstructural evolution, fresh properties, mechanical properties, durability, leaching risks, and environmental impacts of MSWI bottom ash-blended cement pastes, mortars, and concretes. The analysis aims to assess the influence of the pretreatment and physicochemical properties of bottom ash on the microstructure and performance of blended cementitious materials. The Ash Impact Strength Index (AISI) is introduced to quantify the effects of various factors on compressive strength, enabling direct comparison across different studies. Based on the statistical analysis of the 28-day AISI, the key quality requirements for MSWI bottom ash as an SCM are proposed, along with the optimal mix design. This work provides valuable insights and practical guidance to support the integration of bottom ash into the cement industry.
Ključne besede: ash, ash-blended cementitious materials, performance
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 29.08.2025; Ogledov: 601; Prenosov: 372
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4. Detoxified spent pot lining from aluminum production as (alumino-)silicate source for composite cement and autoclaved aerated concreteArne Peys, Mateja Košir, Ruben Snellings, Ana Mladenovič, Liesbeth Horckmans, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: New sources of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are needed to meet the future demand. A potential new source of SCM is spent pot lining, a residue from aluminum production. The present work showed that the refined aluminosilicate part of spent pot lining (SPL) has a moderate chemical reactivity in a cementitious system measured in the R3 calorimetry test, comparable to commercially used coal fly ash. The reaction of SPL led to the consumption of Ca(OH)2 in a cement paste beyond 7 days after mixing. At 28 and 90 days a significant contribution to strength development was therefore observed, reaching a relative strength, which is similar to composite cements with coal fly ash. At early age a retardation of the cement hydration is caused by the SPL, which should most likely be associated with the presence of trace amounts of NH3. The spent pot lining is also investigated as silica source for autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. The replacement of quartz by spent pot lining did not show an adverse effect on the strength-density relation of the lightweight blocks up to 50 wt% quartz substitution. Overall, spent pot lining can be used in small replacement volumes (30 wt%) as SCM or as replacement of quartz (50 wt%) in autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.
Ključne besede: spent pot lining, construction materials, recycling, autoclaved aerated conctrte, supplementary cementitious material
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 04.12.2023; Ogledov: 1543; Prenosov: 740
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5. Characterisation of 20th century cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in SloveniaMateja Golež, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Mateja Štefančič, Darja Rant, Sabina Dolenec, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This paper deals with the characterisation of cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in Slovenia. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of an aggregate, a type of binder and secondary minerals were studied via electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The porosity and pore network were determined using a mercury porosimeter. The results show that the aggregate of the samples was highly diverse, ranging from limestone, dolomite, quartz, feldspar and mica. The binder of the investigated samples was cementitious; either ordinary Portland cement was used, or ordinary Portland cement blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag was used. Some samples consisted of cement–lime binders. The investigated examples entailing cement materials for their construction contribute to a better understanding of the technology used to prepare historical cementitious and cement–lime mixtures.
Ključne besede: 20th century, cementitious materials, historical concrete, cultural heritage
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 1425; Prenosov: 902
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6. Characterization of steel corrosion processes in various blended cements by means of coupled multi-electrode arraysMiha Hren, Tadeja Kosec, Andraž Legat, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Supplementary cementitious materials can affect the porosity of concrete, pore solution pH and chloride binding, all of which influence the type and magnitude of corrosion damage. Advanced corrosion monitoring techniques are needed to follow the development of corrosion on steel embedded in concrete across space and over time. In this study, coupled multi-electrode arrays (CMEAs) were used to characterise corrosion processes in OPC and three blended cements. Cyclic wetting with chlorides was undertaken to initiate corrosion. The results showed three distinct types of corrosion: localised corrosion (CEM I), localised corrosion that expanded over time (CEM II), and a combination of localised and general corrosion (CEM III and CEM IV). Cathodic locations were also monitored successfully, and the corrosion behaviour was related to total porosity and pH of the pore solution. MicroCT was used to quantify the volume of corroded material, which agreed well with results calculated from the CMEA measurements.
Ključne besede: blended cements, coupled multi-electrode array, corrosion of steel in concrete, supplementary cementitious materials, open access
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 29.05.2023; Ogledov: 1384; Prenosov: 852
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7. Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 3 : validation of the R3 reactivity test across a wide range of materialsDiana Londono-Zuluaga, Sabina Dolenec, Maruša Mrak, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: RILEM TC 267 TRM– “Tests for Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials” recommends the Rapid Reliable Relevant (R3) test as a method for determining the chemical reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in Portland cement blends. In this paper, the R3 test was applied to 52 materials from a wide range of conventional and alternative SCMs with the aim to validate such test. An excellent correlation was found between the cumulative heat release and the bound water determined following the R3 test method. Comparison of the R3 test results to mortar compressive strength development showed that all conventional SCMs (e.g. blast furnace slag and fly ashes) followed the same trend, with the notable exception of very reactive calcined kaolinitic clays. It is discussed, through an in-depth statistical regression analysis of the R3 reactivity test results and the 28 days relative compressive strengths, how reactivity threshold values for classification of the chemical reactivity of SCMs could be proposed based on the R3 test results.
Ključne besede: supplementary cementitious materials, reactivity test, heat release, bound water, compressive strength
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.04.2023; Ogledov: 1616; Prenosov: 929
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8. Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 2 : optimization and testing of the robustness of the R3 reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materialsFrançois Avet, Sabina Dolenec, Maruša Mrak, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The results of phase 1 of an interlaboratory test, coordinated by the RILEM TC 267-TRM “Tests for Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials” showed that the R3 (rapid, relevant, reliable) test method, by measurement of heat release or bound water, provided the most reliable and relevant determination of the chemical reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), compared to other test methods. The phase 2 work, described in this paper aimed to improve the robustness of the test procedure and to develop precision statements for the consolidated test procedure. The effect of the pre-mixing and mixing conditions, and the impact of the mix design on the test method robustness were assessed and fixed for optimal conditions to carry out the R3 heat release test. The effect of the drying step was evaluated to define the R3 bound water test procedure in more detail. Finally, the robustness of the consolidated final test methods was determined by an interlaboratory study to define the precision statements.
Ključne besede: supplementary cementitious materials, reactivity test, bound water
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.04.2023; Ogledov: 1724; Prenosov: 751
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