1. Diagnosing and management of thyroid nodules and goiter - current perspectivesKatica Bajuk-Studen, Bartosz Domagała, Simona Gaberšček, Katja Zaletel, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Due to the frequent diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules, it is necessary to deviate from the traditional paradigm based on frequent surgical treatment. This article highlights the evolution of diagnosis and treatment in recent years, beginning from standardization of ultrasound assessment of nodules and cytology results to minimally invasive techniques to reduce the size of symptomatic thyroid nodules. These achievements reduce the number of surgeries, enable more individualized care for patients with benign thyroid disease, reduce long-term complications, and promote cost-effectiveness within healthcare systems. Furthermore, although the use of minimally invasive techniques significantly decreases thyroid nodule volume, the thyroid nodule usually does not disappear and the challenges in this field are discussed (the efficacy of thermal ablation, a variable part of thyroid nodules that remains viable after thermal ablation, some of the nodules treated with thermal ablation may require a second treatment over time and the efficacy of thermal ablation in nodules with different phenotypes). However, although surgery still represents the "gold standard" for establishing the final histopathologic diagnosis, it is associated with lifelong thyroid hormone substitution need and serious complications in rare cases. Therefore, it should represent the ultima ratio only after a detailed diagnostic procedure. In the future, artificial intelligence-assisted programs for the evaluation and management of nodules are expected.
Ključne besede: laser ablation, minimally invasive techniques, thyroid nodules, thyroid ultrasound
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.03.2026; Ogledov: 190; Prenosov: 110
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2. Does thyroid dysfunction have a role in the etiology of vocal fold edema?Alenka Kravos, Ksenija Geršak, Simona Gaberšček, Irena Hočevar-Boltežar, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: vocal folds, Reinke's edema, etiology, thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 25.02.2026; Ogledov: 190; Prenosov: 168
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3. EUthyroid2 : the next step towards the elimination of iodine deficiency and preventable iodine-related disorders in Europe and beyondHenry Völzke, Vivien Henck, Till Ittermann, Phil Pendt, Simona Gaberšček, Katja Zaletel, Katica Bajuk-Studen, 2026, drugi znanstveni članki Povzetek: European iodine fortification programmes are heterogeneous and in some countries ineffective. A key problem with iodine nutrition is the low awareness of iodine deficiencyrelated risks common in the general population and among women of reproductive age. The major objective of EUthyroid2 is to improve the low awareness of IDD risks in adolescents and young women. The aim is to identify best practice models for accessing and disseminating information to increase awareness and improve iodine status, thereby establishing a foundation for young women to improve their own thyroid function, their general health and that of their offspring. To achieve this, EUthyroid2 will build on existing infrastructures and expertise established by the consortium during the initial EUthyroid project. All interventions tested will be tailored to specific regions and populations. EUthyroid2, by identifying the most effective intervention tools, will establish a solid foundation for paving the way for future national awareness campaigns.
Ključne besede: intervention studies, iodine deficiency, prevention
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 24.02.2026; Ogledov: 216; Prenosov: 101
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4. A higher incidence of cardiovascular complications in hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease in comparison to hyperthyroid patients with subacute thyroiditisAna Šešek, Simona Gaberšček, Katja Zaletel, Edvard Pirnat, Katica Bajuk-Studen, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Background: Hyperthyroidism, as well as systemic inflammation, are associated with a higher incidence and complications of cardiovascular disease. Both in Graves’ disease and subacute thyroiditis, patients are hyperthyroid. However, in Graves’ disease, there is an autoimmune process in the thyroid, and in subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism is accompanied by systemic inflammation. It is not known if the rate of cardiovascular complications is higher in the course of Graves’ disease or subacute thyroiditis. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all hyperthyroid patients newly diagnosed with Graves’ disease or subacute thyroiditis between January 1st 2018 and December 31st 2021 at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Cardiovascular complications in the period 3 months before or after diagnosis were registered. Values are expressed as mean (SD). Results: The sample analysis included 1028 patients (247 with subacute thyroiditis, 781 with Graves’ disease). The two groups did not significantly differ by sex, age, and body mass index. A cardiovascular complication was registered in 78 patients; the incidence was significantly higher in Graves’ disease than in subacute thyroiditis (74 vs. 4, p<0.001). Compared to patients with subacute thyroiditis, patients with Graves’ disease had significantly lower TSH: 0.010 (0.006) vs. 0.024 (0.044) mIU/L (p<0.001), higher free T4: 44.1 (26.6) vs. 37.0 (14.7) pmol/L (p<0.001), higher incidence of diabetes: 4.3 vs. 0.4% (p=0.001), arterial hypertension: 12.2 vs. 5.7% (p=0.004) and smoking: 26.7 vs. 8.7% (p<0.001). In a logistic regression model, a significantly higher likelihood for cardiovascular complications was found in Graves’ disease vs. subacute thyroiditis (odds ratio 5.82, p=0.001), in patients with arterial hypertension (odds ratio 2.83, p=0.002), and in those with higher body mass index (odds ratio 0.92, p=0.043). Conclusion: We report a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications in hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease in comparison to hyperthyroid patients with subacute thyroiditis. Patients with Graves’ disease were more severely hyperthyroid and had more adverse cardiovascular risk factors.
Ključne besede: hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, cardiovascular events, inflammation
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 20.01.2026; Ogledov: 346; Prenosov: 212
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5. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion in adult population of Slovenia : results of the Manjsoli.si/2022 studySaša Kugler, Urška Blaznik, Maruša Rehberger, Metka Zaletel, Aleš Korošec, Matej Somrak, Adrijana Oblak, Igor Pravst, Maša Hribar, Anita Kušar, Jana Brguljan, Simona Gaberšček, Katja Zaletel, Ivan Eržen, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: 24-h urine, potassium, potassium intake, salt intake, sodium
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 10.11.2025; Ogledov: 372; Prenosov: 199
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6. Interpreting urinary iodine concentration : effects of urine dilution and collection timingAdrijana Oblak, Maša Hribar, Hristo Hristov, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Joško Osredkar, Anita Kušar, Katja Žmitek, Živa Lavriša, Tjaša Zaletel, Blaž Krhin, Igor Pravst, Simona Gaberšček, Katja Zaletel, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: OBJECTIVES: In population studies, iodine intake estimation relies on median urinary iodine concentration (UIC). However, interpreting UIC measurements can be challenging. METHODS: In our study, we included 772 adult participants from three groups: nationally representative gender-mixed, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women. We measured UIC and urinary creatinine (U-Cr) to calculate the iodine-to- creatinine ratio (I/Cr). U-Cr cut-off value of 0.226 g/L was used for differentiation between diluted and undiluted urine samples. After excluding samples below this cut-off, new median UIC and I/Cr ratios were calculated. We additionally evaluated the influence of urine sample collection time on UIC. RESULTS: Median UICs were 91.8 μg/L for nationally representative group, 58.3 μg/L for women of reproductive age, and 74.9 μg/L for pregnant women, while I/Cr ratios were 91.7, 102.0, and 159.2 μg/g, respectively. After implementing U-Cr cut-off and excluding all data where U-Cr was below cut-off, new median values were 93.4, 76.3, and 95.4 μg/L for UICs, and 88.6, 88.8, and 128.7 μg/g for I/Cr ratios, respectively. In women of reproductive age, median UIC was significantly lower in urine samples collected after 9:30 and after 12:00 as compared to samples collected before 9.30 (53.4, 57.8, and 97.3 μg/L, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: UIC results should be interpreted with caution, considering urine dilution and sample collection timing. U-Cr measurement should be included in population-based iodine intake studies, with corrections applied especially for pregnant women and younger adults, for whom morning is best for single-spot samples.
Ključne besede: urine dilution, urinary iodine concentration
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 07.11.2025; Ogledov: 543; Prenosov: 233
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8. Thyroid lesions incidentally detected by [sup] 18F-FDG PET-CT : a two centre retrospective studyJan Jamšek, Ivana Žagar, Simona Gaberšček, Marko Grmek, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Incidental 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid on PET-CT examinations represents a diagnostic challenge. The maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) is one possible parameter that can help in distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid PET lesions. We retrospectively evaluated 18F-FDG PET-CT examinations of 5,911 patients performed at two different medical centres from 2010 to 2011. If pathologically increased activity was accidentally detected in the thyroid, the SUVmax of the thyroid lesion was calculated. Patients with incidental 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid were instructed to visit a thyroidologist, who performed further investigation including fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) if needed. Lesions deemed suspicious after FNAC were referred for surgery. Incidental 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid was found in 3.89% - in 230 out of 5,911 patients investigated on PET-CT. Malignant thyroid lesions (represented with focal thyroid uptake) were detected in 10 of 66 patients (in 15.2%). In the first medical centre the SUVmax of 36 benign lesions was 5.6 +- 2.8 compared to 15.8 +- 9.2 of 5 malignant lesions (p < 0.001). In the second centre the SUVmax of 20 benign lesions was 3.7 +- 2.2 compared to 5.1 +- 2.3 of 5 malignant lesions (p = 0.217). All 29 further investigated diffuse thyroid lesions were benign. Incidental 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid was found in 3.89% of patients who had a PET-CT examination. Only focal thyroid uptake represented a malignant lesion in our study - in 15.2% of all focal thyroid lesions. SUVmax should only serve as one of several parameters that alert the clinician on the possibility of thyroid malignancy.
Ključne besede: thyroid cancer, PET incidentaloma, PET-CT
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.04.2024; Ogledov: 1451; Prenosov: 464
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9. The development of nuclear medicine in Slovenia and Ljubljana; half a century of nuclear medicine in SloveniaZvonka Zupanič Slavec, Simona Gaberšček, Ksenija Slavec, 2012, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Background. Nuclear medicine began to be developed in the USA after 1938 when radionuclides were introduced into medicine and in Europe after radionuclides began to be produced at the Harwell reactor (England, 1947). Slovenia began its first investigations in the 1950s. This article describes the development of nucleor medicine in Slovenia and Ljubljana. The first nuclear medicine interventions were performed in Slovenia at the Internal Clinic in Ljubljana in the period 1954-1959. ln 1954, Dr Jože Satler started using radioactive iodine for thyroid investigations. In the same year, Dr Bojan Varl, who is considered the pioneer of nuclear medicine in Slovenia, began systematically introducing nuclear medicine. The first radioisotope laboratories were established in January 1960 at the Institute of Oncology and at the Internal Clinic. Under the direction of Dr. Varl, the laboratory at the Internal Clinicdeveloped gradually and in 1973 became the Clinic for Nuclear Medicine with departments for in viva and in vi/ro diagnostics and for the treatment ofinpatients and outpatients at the thyroid department. The Clinic for NuclearMedicine beca me a teaching unit of the Medical Faculty and developed its own post-graduate programme- the first student enrolled in 1972. In the 1960s, radioisotope laboratories opened in the general hospitals of Slovenj Gradec and Celje, and in the I 970s also in Maribor. Izola and Šempeter pri Novi Gorici. Conclusions. Nowadays, nuclear medicine units are modernly equipped and the staff is trained in morphological, functional and laboratory diagnostics in c1inical medicine. They also work on the treatment of cancer, increased thyroid function and other diseases.
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.03.2024; Ogledov: 977; Prenosov: 505
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10. Posodobljena priporočila diagnostike in zdravljenja diferenciranega raka ščitniceNikola Bešić, Alenka Grošel, Andraž Perhavec, Andrej Doma, Andreja A. Schwarzbartl-Pevec, Andreja Klevišar Ivančič, Andrej Vogrin, Barbara Vidergar-Kralj, Barbara Gazić, Barbara Perić, Blaž Krhin, Cvetka Grašič-Kuhar, Edvard Pirnat, Ivana Žagar, Jerca Blazina, Katarina Zevnik, Katica Bajuk-Studen, Katja Zaletel, Margareta Strojan Fležar, Marko Hočevar, Marko Kokalj, Marta Dremelj, Nebojša Glumac, Olga Blatnik, Simona Gaberšček, Snežana Pavlović Djokić, Ulrika Klopčič, Veronika Kloboves-Prevodnik, Zorica Čekić, 2022, strokovni članek Ključne besede: rak ščitnice, diferencirani rak, zdravljenje, smernice
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 01.07.2022; Ogledov: 2354; Prenosov: 697
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