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Iskalni niz: "avtor" (Sabina Dolenec) .

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1.
Efficiency of novel photocatalytic coating and consolidants for protection of valuable mineral substrates
Andreja Pondelak, Sabina Dolenec, Jonjaua Ranogajec, Luka Škrlep, Snezana B. Vučetić, Vilma Ducman, Andrijana Sever Škapin, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: In the process of protection and consolidation of valuable materials, the efficiency is the crucial property that needs to be considered. TiO2/ZnAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) coating and silicate- and carbonate-based consolidants were synthesized and proposed to be used for protection and consolidation of four porous mineral substrates: brick, stone, render and mortar. The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2/ZnAl LDH coating, as well as consolidation efficiency of two consolidants, both applied on model substrates, were studied. The photocatalytic coating showed significant activity and performed well after the durability tests involving rinsing and freezing/thawing procedures. After treatment with both consolidants, a serious enhancement of consolidation of the used substrates was found. On the other hand, the application of TiO2/ZnAl LDH, as well as consolidants, caused negligible changes in the water vapour permeability values and in appearance of the porous mineral substrates, indicating a high level of compatibility.
Ključne besede: photocatalytic coating, consolidant, protection, conservation, porous substrate, cultural heritage
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.11.2023; Ogledov: 35; Prenosov: 10
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2.
Use of fly ash and phosphogypsum for the synthesis of belite-sulfoaluminate clinker
Sabina Dolenec, Lea Žibret, Emilija Fidanchevska, V. Jovanov, Biljana Angjusheva, Vilma Ducman, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: Fly ash and phosphogypsum were used as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) by-products for the synthesis of belite-sulfoaluminate clinkers. The influence of raw mixture composition and firing temperature was investigated. Clinkers and cements were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The compressive strength of the cements was determined after 28 days. Clinker phases identified included ye’elimite, ß-phase of belite, ternesite and gehlenite, while the main hydration product of the cement pastes was ettringite. The results showed that belite-sulfoaluminate cements can be fabricated with a compressive strength of 45.9 N/mm2 by firing the raw mixture (70 wt.% marl, 10 wt.% bauxite and 20 wt.% phosphogypsum) at a temperature of 1320°C/1h.
Ključne besede: clinker, microstructure, fly ash, gypsum, calcium sulphoaluminate
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 27.10.2023; Ogledov: 177; Prenosov: 78
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3.
A Raman microspectroscopy-based comparison of pigments applied in two gothic wall paintings in Slovenia
Maja Gutman, Ajda Mladenovič, Anabelle Križnar, Sabina Dolenec, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: The present study deals with the characterisation of pigments used in two overlaid gothic wall paintings from the former 13th century Minorite church of St. Francis of Assisi (Koper, Slovenia), in order to define differences in the technologies used. Paint layer samples were analysed via Raman microspectroscopy, supported by SEM/EDS and FTIR analysis, when necessary. The results revealed that the 14th century mural was painted mainly a fresco with final elements a secco, a technique typical of Italian mediaeval wall painting. In contrast, the 15th century painting was executed mostly a secco, a technique often applied in Northern Europe and the Alpine region. The differences between the two paintings are especially obvious in the pigments applied. While the earlier painting is characterised by azurite, carbon black, red and yellow ochres, lime white and green earth, the palette used for the younger painting is much broader. In addition to red and yellow ochres, carbon black and lime white, lead pigments such as lead white, red lead and lead-tin yellow type I were also determined, as well as a number of expensive pigments including cinnabar, azurite and malachite. Also found in the younger painting was the rare orange yellow pigment vanadinite. In both layers, azurite was applied a secco for the background area. Gilding was confirmed in both layers, carried out as application of gold leaves on red bole (in the earlier mural) and on mordant (on a younger, superimposed (overlaid painting), which is quite exclusive and rare for Slovene mediaeval painting. In the younger layer also a use of tin foil for secondary elements was discovered.
Ključne besede: wall paintings, pigments, Gothic, golding, Raman microspectroscopy
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 27.10.2023; Ogledov: 187; Prenosov: 76
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4.
Characterisation of 20th century cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in Slovenia
Mateja Golež, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Mateja Štefančič, Darja Rant, Sabina Dolenec, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: This paper deals with the characterisation of cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in Slovenia. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of an aggregate, a type of binder and secondary minerals were studied via electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The porosity and pore network were determined using a mercury porosimeter. The results show that the aggregate of the samples was highly diverse, ranging from limestone, dolomite, quartz, feldspar and mica. The binder of the investigated samples was cementitious; either ordinary Portland cement was used, or ordinary Portland cement blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag was used. Some samples consisted of cement–lime binders. The investigated examples entailing cement materials for their construction contribute to a better understanding of the technology used to prepare historical cementitious and cement–lime mixtures.
Ključne besede: 20th century, cementitious materials, historical concrete, cultural heritage
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 121; Prenosov: 92
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5.
Up-scaling and performance assessment of façade panels produced from construction and demolition waste using alkali activation technology
Ana Frankovič, Vilma Ducman, Sabina Dolenec, Matteo Panizza, Sergio Tamburini, Marco Natali, Katherine-Maria Pappas, Constantinos Tsoutis, Adriana Bernardi, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: Novel prefabricated insulating façade panels were developed from construction and demolition waste (CDW) aggregates under the framework of the European H2020 project InnoWEE. These non-structural components, aimed at improving the thermal efficiency of existing buildings, consist of an insulating plate covered by a facing layer made of CDW aggregates bound with metakaolin, furnace slag and class F fly ash activated by a potassium silicate solution. The paper presents the design and assessment of the binder and panels for exterior use, taking into account mechanical performance, behaviour in the presence of water and durability issues. Testing was carried out on both laboratory prototypes and panels from the pilot industrial production.
Ključne besede: construction and demolition waste, alkali activated materials, geopolymers, properties, up-scalimg
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.08.2023; Ogledov: 121; Prenosov: 70
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6.
RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test : sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction and freeze-thaw resistance of alkali-activated concretes
Frank Winnefeld, Gregor J. G. Gluth, Susana Bernal, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Lorenza Carabba, Sundararaman Chithiraputhiran, Alireza Dehghan, Sabina Dolenec, Katja Dombrowski-Daube, Ashish Dubey, Vilma Ducman, Yu Jin, Karl Peterson, Stephen Dietmar, John L. Provis, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: The RILEM technical committee TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ conducted a round robin testing programme to determine the validity of various durability testing methods, originally developed for Portland cement based-concretes, for the assessment of the durability of alkali-activated concretes. The outcomes of the round robin tests evaluating sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freeze–thaw resistance are presented in this contribution. Five different alkali-activated concretes, based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or metakaolin were investigated. The extent of sulfate damage to concretes based on slag or fly ash seems to be limited when exposed to an Na2SO4 solution. The mixture based on metakaolin showed an excessive, very early expansion, followed by a dimensionally stable period, which cannot be explained at present. In the slag-based concretes, MgSO4 caused more expansion and visual damage than Na2SO4; however, the expansion limits defined in the respective standards were not exceeded. Both the ASTM C1293 and RILEM AAR-3.1 test methods for the determination of ASR expansion appear to give essentially reliable identification of expansion caused by highly reactive aggregates. Alkali-activated materials in combination with an unreactive or potentially expansive aggregate were in no case seen to cause larger expansions; only the aggregates of known very high reactivity were seen to be problematic. The results of freeze–thaw testing (with/without deicing salts) of alkali-activated concretes suggest an important influence of the curing conditions and experimental conditions on the test outcomes, which need to be understood before the tests can be reliably applied and interpreted.
Ključne besede: alkali-activated materials/geopolymers, sulphate resistance, alkali silica reactivity, freeze-thaw resistance, Rilem TC
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 17.08.2023; Ogledov: 110; Prenosov: 79
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7.
Effects of the temperature on the pore evolution during sintering of the belite-sulfoaluminate cement clinker using x-ray computed microtomography
Sabina Dolenec, Lidija Korat, Maruša Mrak, Andrej Ipavec, Lea Žibret, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: In this paper, the effects of the sintering temperature on the pore evolution of the belite-sulfoaluminate cement clinker were evaluated. Belite-sulfoaluminate cement clinker with a targeted composition of 65 w/% b-belite, 20 w/% calcium sulfoaluminate and 10 w/% ferrite was sintered at three different temperatures: 1200 °C, 1250 °C and 1300 °C. To quantitatively evaluate the pore evolution during sintering, a 3D microstructure reconstruction by micro-CT was used. From the data, the pore volume frac- tion and pore number were extracted and compared, and the pore size distribution with the sintering temperature was obtained as well. Additionally, the pore shape and distribution were displayed in 3D based on actual microstructure data. Clinker samples were also characterized by Hg-intrusion porosimetry and gas sorption. The changes in the pore evolution occurred to a larger extent when sintering at 1300 °C. Apart from a significant porosity decrease, pore coarsening was evident at this temperature, reducing their connectivity and shrinkage of the clinker. Simultaneously, the bulk and apparent densities increased with the temperature due to densification, while the BET surface area of the studied clinkers decreased, indicating the rounding of pores and particle coalescence with an increasing grain growth.
Ključne besede: klinker, belit-sulfoaluminat, razvoj por, sintranje
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 04.08.2023; Ogledov: 163; Prenosov: 76
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8.
A red Roman column from Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Andreja Maver, Bernarda Županek, Maja Gutman, Dragomir Skaberne, Sabina Dolenec, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: The excavation conducted in 1999 in Ljubljana (Slovenia), in Insula XXVII of the Roman colonia Iulia Emona, un-earthed the remains of a column shaft with an organic core set onto a stone block. The contribution presents this find, its context and likely parallels, the mineralogical-petrographic composition of the stucco, type of the pigments used, as well as the rock of the plinth and its provenance. Of the shaft, only the stucco survives, applied in four mortar layers and painted in red ochre, while its interior surface shows the impressions of reeds. The plinth is a rectangular block made of locally available Lower Jurassic oolitic limestone, presumably from Podpeč. The column may have formed part of a porticus or peristyle, possibly associated with a pool or a bath complex in this part of Late Roman Emona.
Ključne besede: NUK II Site (Ljubljana, Slovenia), columns, Roman architecture, reed impressions, stucco, limestone, Late Roman period
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 04.08.2023; Ogledov: 147; Prenosov: 122
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9.
Phase development and hydration kinetics of belite-calcium sulfoaluminate cements at different curing temperatures
Maruša Mrak, Nina Daneu, Sabina Dolenec, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: The influence of different curing temperatures on the hydration of belite-calcium sulfoaluminate cement was investigated at 20, 40 and 60 °C. The hydration kinetics and the hydrated phase assemblages were studied by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as field emission scanning electron microscopy. The compressive strength development of the cement pastes was also determined. Results showed that, at early ages, hydration was faster and early compressive strength was higher at elevated temperatures than at ambient temperature. On the other hand, at late ages in cement pastes cured at 60 °C, the amount of ettringite decreased, leading to lower compressive strength, indicating that the degree of hydration was lower at higher temperatures. Moreover, at elevated temperatures prismatic ettringite crystals became smaller due to faster hydration. Other hydration products present were aluminium hydroxide, which is formed together with ettringite from the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate and gypsum, and C–S–H which precipitates as a main hydration product of belite. Belite hydrated in a lesser amount, especially at 60 °C, when the lowest amount of C–S–H was observed.
Ključne besede: hydration, cement, temperature, belite, calcium sulfoaluminate, open access, hidratacija, cement, temperatura, belit, kalcijev sulfoaluminat
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 04.08.2023; Ogledov: 118; Prenosov: 86
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10.
The Incorporation of steel slag into belite-sulfoaluminate cement clinkers
Lea Žibret, Katarina Šter, Maruša Mrak, Mojca Loncnar, Sabina Dolenec, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: The potential use of steel slag from treated steel slag in belite-sulfoaluminate cements was investigated in this study. Cement clinkers with two phase compositions were synthesized, allowing the incorporation of different amounts of steel slag. The phase composition and microstructure of cement clinkers at three different sintering temperatures were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method, as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. The results showed that the targeted phase composition of clinkers was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1250%C. However, a higher amount of perovskite instead of ferrite was detected in the clinker with a higher content of Ti-bearing bauxite. Apart from the main phases, such asbelite, calcium sulfoaluminate, and ferrite, several minor phases were identified, including mayenite, perovskite, periclase, and alkali sulfates. In both clinker mixtures, a higher content of MgO in the steelslags resulted in the formation of periclase. Furthermore, the hydration kinetics and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days were studied in two cements prepared from clinkers sintered at 1250%C. As evidenced by the results of isothermal calorimetry, the hydration kinetics were also influenced by the minor clinker phases. Cement with a higher content of calcium sulfoaluminate phase developed a higher compressive strength.
Ključne besede: cements, BCSA, steel slag, secundary row materials, microstructure, clinker phase
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 01.08.2023; Ogledov: 128; Prenosov: 69
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