1. Findability of geothermal energy websites in seven EU countries and IcelandMateja Macut, D. F. Bruhn, Jessica Maria Chicco, Gregor Götzl, Tamara Marković, Annamária Nádor, J. A. Newson, P. G. Ramsak, Nina Rman, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Obtaining information on scientific topics and access to websites with multidimensional data is a crucial part of any geothermal project development. Using the Internet to publish information according to the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) on topics that are not yet well known to stakeholders could improve not only general knowledge but also public acceptance for increased use of geothermal in the future. This research lists 90 geothermal websites from eight countries: nine in Austria, 13 in Croatia, eight in Hungary, 17 in Italy, seven in Germany, 16 in Iceland, 13 in the Netherlands and seven in Slovenia, and classifies them based on findability and content criteria. It is an issue that only 41 % of these national-relevant websites are easy to find using a browser and keywords, while for the rest an expert advice is needed. The user-impression by searching these websites was checked, for example, on language, graphical presentation, type of information, content, and references. It was expected that Iceland, Italy and Germany, as the countries with the largest geothermal utilization, have the most information available. Iceland has the most findable and quality websites, while Italy has the most listed websites but only a few are easy to find. Germany is not ranked as high as expected. The Netherlands and Croatia do not stand out but have few very good websites. Hungary and Austria show similar results while Slovenia needs most improvements. Ključne besede: national geothermal website, geothermal database, content and graphics, open access information, FAIR principles, data sharing Objavljeno v DiRROS: 20.06.2025; Ogledov: 101; Prenosov: 39
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2. Hydrogeological analysis of topography-driven groundwater flow in a low temperature geothermal aquifer system in the Julian Alps, SloveniaLuka Serianz, Anže Markelj, Nina Rman, Mihael Brenčič, Judit Mádl-Szőnyi, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Groundwater flow and heat distribution was investigated in the regional karstic-fissured aquifer-aquitard system near Lake Bled in the Slovenian, eastern Julian Alps. The area features thermal springs with temperatures of 19–23 °C which are exploited by abstraction wells. The occurrence of low-temperature geothermal systems, which are common in the Alps, are associated with specific hydrogeological conditions, such as vertical hydraulic connectivity between different geological formations, relatively large elevation differences along flow paths, and the concentrated upwelling of geothermal water to the surface. The occurrence of the low-temperature geothermal field is explained by the presence of a hydraulically conductive fault along with a regional groundwater flow pattern that supports deep groundwater circulation. Hydraulic measurements and temperature data were collected from springs and wells in the area to support the analysis of flow patterns, together with the construction of a basin-scale 2D numerical flow and heat transport simulation. The diverse topographic and geological conditions result in a multi-scale groundwater flow system. The discharge of thermal waters in the Lake Bled area is a consequence of the upwelling of deep groundwater induced by a combination of the ~ 650 m difference in hydraulic head and hydrogeological heterogeneity and anisotropy, related to faulting of the geological formations. In addition, individual flow subsystems were found to significantly affect the natural heat distribution and travel times within the basin-scale system. The study highlights the combination of a basin scale approach taking into consideration local to regional-scale heterogeneities and faults in order to better understand the hydrogeological behaviour of Alpine groundwater systems. Ključne besede: basin-scale groundwater flow, thermal conditions, carbonate rocks, groundwater recharge, Slovenia Objavljeno v DiRROS: 02.04.2025; Ogledov: 422; Prenosov: 74
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3. Insights into aquifer and borehole thermal energy storage systems for Slovenia’s energy transitionKarlo Borko, Mihael Brenčič, Zdenko Savšek, Jure Knez, Aleš Vozelj, Gregor Kisel, Nina Rman, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Since the heating and cooling sectors consume most of the energy in Europe through fossil fuels, the transition to a low-carbon and sustainable energy system is crucial. Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) systems, such as aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) and borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), offer promising solutions by enabling seasonal storage of renewable thermal energy, balancing the mismatch between supply and demand. ATES and BTES systems store excess heat or cold for later use, making them suitable for large-scale applications like residual heat storage from industrial or power generation processes by offering flexibility in heating and cooling. This review explores the geological and hydrogeological requirements for ATES and BTES systems, pointing out the importance of basic geological knowledge, laboratory and field investigations, and operational monitoring to optimize their performance. The study highlights the need for Slovenia to use the experiences of other European nations to overcome initial challenges, develop effective site evaluation methods, and integrate these systems into existing energy infrastructure. Ključne besede: underground thermal energy storage, seasonal heat storage, pilot BTES site, geothermal parameters, Slovenia Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.02.2025; Ogledov: 1406; Prenosov: 1631
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4. Ocena količinskega stanja podzemnih voda za Načrt upravljanja voda 2022–2027 (NUV III)Petra Souvent, Urška Pavlič, Mišo Andjelov, Nina Rman, Peter Frantar, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Ocena količinskega stanja podzemnih voda je del Načrta upravljanja voda 2022–2027 (NUV III). Z njo po določenih kriterijih ovrednotimo količinsko stanje na 21 vodnih telesih podzemnih voda v Sloveniji kot »dobro« ali »slabo«. Ocena je izvedena s štirimi preizkusi, kjer analiziramo vpliv odvzemov (črpanih količin) podzemne vode na: količine podzemne vode in vodno bilanco, ekološko stanje površinskih vodnih teles, kopenske ekosisteme odvisne od podzemne vode in vdore slane vode ali vode slabše kakovosti v vodonosnik. Končno skupno oceno, na podlagi opravljenih preizkusov, določa kriterij najslabše ocene. Na podlagi rezultatov izvedenih preizkusov imamo 20 vodnih teles ocenjenih s skupno oceno »dobro«. Vodno telo Dravska kotlina pa je ocenjeno kot »slabo«, ker črpanje podzemne vode povzroča vdore vode slabše kakovosti v vodonosnik. Zadnja obdobna ocena količinskega stanja 1991–2020 razkriva, da imamo v plitvih vodonosnikih podzemnih vodnih teles letno na razpolago dobrih 4 milijarde m3 podzemne vode. Odvzemi podzemne vode (črpane količine) so v obdobju 2014–2019 v plitvih vodonosnikih dosegali povprečno 135 milijonov m3/leto. Na območju globokega geotermalnega vodonosnika v Murski kotlini so odvzemi v tem obdobju ocenjeni na 2,5 milijona m3/leto. Numerični modeli simulirajo omejeno napajanje, ki se kaže kot izcejanje iz okoliških kamnin v geotermalni vodonosnik v višini približno 2,3 milijona m3 termalne vode na leto. Ključne besede: podzemna voda, vodno telo, preizkus količinskega stanja, vodna bilanca, ekosistemi, odvzemi Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.01.2024; Ogledov: 1033; Prenosov: 289
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5. Analysis of the geological control on the spatial distribution of potentially toxic concentrations of As and F- in groundwater on a Pan-European scaleElena Giménez-Forcada, Juan Antonio Luque-Espinar, María Teresa López-Bahut, Juan Grima-Olmedo, Jorge Jiménez-Sánchez, Carlos Ontiveros-Beltranena, José Angel Díaz-Muñoz, Daniel Elster, Ferid Skopljak, Denitza D. Voutchkova, Birgitte Hansen, Klaus Hinsby, Jörg Schullehner, Eline Malcuit, Laurence Gourcy, Teodóra Szőcs, Nóra Gál, Daði Þorbjörnsson, Katie Tedd, Dāvis Borozdins, Henry Debattista, Nina Rman, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The distribution of the high concentrations of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) in groundwater on a Pan-European scale could be explained by the geological European context (lithology and structural faults). To test this hypothesis, seventeen countries and eighteen geological survey organizations (GSOs) have participated in the dataset. The methodology has used the HydroGeoToxicity (HGT) and the Baseline Concentration (BLC) index. The results prove that most of the waters considered in this study are in good conditions for drinking water consumption, in terms of As and/or F- content. A low proportion of the analysed samples present HGT≥ 1 levels (4% and 7% for As and F-, respectively). The spatial distribution of the highest As and/or F- concentrations (via BLC values) has been analysed using GIS tools. The highest values are identified associated with fissured hard rock outcrops (crystalline rocks) or Cenozoic sedimentary zones, where basement fractures seems to have an obvious control on the distribution of maximum concentrations of these elements in groundwaters. Ključne besede: trace elements, arsenic fluoride, groundwater, geo-hydrochemistry, spatial analysis Objavljeno v DiRROS: 30.01.2023; Ogledov: 1731; Prenosov: 609
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6. Terminologies and characteristics of natural mineral and thermal waters in selected European countriesDaniel Elster, Teodóra Szőcs, Nóra Gál, Birgitte Hansen, Denitza D. Voutchkova, Jörg Schullehner, Julie Lions, Lucio Martarelli, Elena Giménez-Forcada, José Angel Díaz-Muñoz, Eline Malcuit, Gerhard Schubert, Gerhard Hobiger, Nina Rman, 2022, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This study discusses 1) the national legislative frameworks, terminologies, and criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters and thermal waters in selected European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain), and 2) it provides a first extensive multi-national overview of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of numerous water sources from those regions. Ključne besede: hydrogeology, regulatory framework, hydrogeochemical composition, natural mineral water, thermal water, Europe Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.07.2022; Ogledov: 1579; Prenosov: 527
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7. Chemical and isotopic composition of CO2-rich magnesium- sodium-bicarbonate-sulphate-type mineral waters from volcanoclastic aquifer in Rogaška Slatina, SloveniaNina Rman, László Palcsu, Andrej Lapanje, Teodóra Szőcs, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Bottled natural mineral waters from an andesitic aquifer in Slovenia are enriched in magnesium (1.1 g/l), sulphate (2.2 g/l) and dissolved inorganic carbon (204 g/l). We analysed major ions, trace elements, tritium activity, 14 C, d18 OH2O , d2 HH2O, d13 CDIC, gas composition and noble gases in six wells. In addition, 87 Sr/ /86 Sr, d34 SSO4 and d11 B were analysed here for the first time. Stable isotopes with d18 O = -11.97 to -10.30% and d2 H = -77.3 to -63.8 confirm meteoric origin. CO2 degassing is evident at three wells, causing the oxygen shift of about -1.3%. Tritium activity was detectable only in the shallowest well, where the freshwater component was dated to the 1960s. d13 CDIC in five waters is -1.78 to ? 1.33%, typical of carbonate dissolution. Radiocarbon is low, 1.03–5.16 pMC. Chemical correction with bicarbonate concentration and d13 C correction methods gave best mean residence times, slightly longer than previously published. Sulphate has d34 S 26.6–28.9% and d18 O 8.9–11.1% due to dissolution of evaporites in carbonate rocks. Boron at concentrations of 1.2–6.1 mg/l has two origins: d11 B = 11.3–16.4% from hydrothermal alteration and d11 B = 26.6–31.7% from carbonate dissolution. Strontium at concentrations of 0.5–22.0 mg/l has 87 Sr/ /86 Sr, indicating three sources: 0.7106 for Miocene clastic rocks, 0.7082 for Triassic carbonates and 0.7070 for Lower Oligocene andesitic rocks. CO 2 represents the majority of the dissolved ([ 98.84 vol%) and separated gas ([ 95.23 vol%). Methane is only found in two wells with a max. of 0.30 vol%. All waters show excess helium and 16–97% of mantlederived helium. Since all show subsurface degassing, the paleo-infiltration temperature could not be calculated. Ključne besede: natural tracers, carbon, sulphur, strontium and boron isotopes, noble gases Objavljeno v DiRROS: 24.03.2022; Ogledov: 1651; Prenosov: 458
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