1. Thermodynamic guidelines for minimizing chromium losses in electric arc furnace steelmakingAnže Bajželj, Jaka Burja, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: In the production of stainless steel, chromium losses, particularly in the electric arc furnace (EAF) phase, pose a challenge. This study addresses these issues by reviewing and analyzing the thermodynamics of the Fe-Cr-C-O-(Si) system, highlighting discrepancies in existing literature regarding Gibbs free energies, interaction parameters, and other thermodynamic data. We developed a simple to use thermodynamic model to simulate the oxidation process using established data from scientific literature. The model calculates the equilibrium solubilities of chromium and carbon, showing how process variables like temperature, partial pressure of carbon monoxide, and silicon concentration influence chromium oxidation. The findings confirm that higher temperatures and the presence of silicon significantly reduce chromium loss by favoring carbon oxidation over chromium. The research concludes by providing practical guidelines for minimizing chromium losses in EAFs, such as protecting scrap with carbon, silicon, and aluminum; controlling oxygen intake; and ensuring a high melt temperature during decarburization. These guidelines aim to improve the economic efficiency and sustainability of stainless steel production. The paper is an expanded version of a prior conference paper.
Ključne besede: steelmaking, thermodynamics, stainless steel, electric arc furnace (EAF), decarburization, oxidation of steel melt
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.10.2025; Ogledov: 294; Prenosov: 159
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2. Development of ferrite-content control process for 316LN austenitic stainless steel for liquid-hydrogen storage based on high-flux preparationXin Ouyang, Xuemin Wang, Chenxi Liu, Mengnan Xing, Yunfeng Bai, Xinming Hu, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: high-throughput preparation, austenitic stainless steel, d-ferrite, sensitization heat treatment, galvanic corrosion
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.08.2025; Ogledov: 429; Prenosov: 209
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3. Study on thermal deformation of as-CAST S32101 economical duplex stainless steelMing Zhao, Huaying Li, Xiaogang Wang, Guanzheng Su, Fang Huang, Qi Chen, Yibo Lu, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: economical duplex stainless steel, thermal deformation behavior, microstructure evolution, recrystallization, hotworking map
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 20.08.2025; Ogledov: 411; Prenosov: 197
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7. Optimizing weld quality in dissimilar stainless steel joints for industrial applicationsD. Selvamuthukumaran, V. C. Uvaraja, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: dissimilar stainless steel, cold metal transfer (CMT) welding, Taguchi L9 optimization, TOPSIS, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), microhardness (HV0.5), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS)
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.02.2025; Ogledov: 768; Prenosov: 332
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8. Enhanced performance of austenitic oxide dispersion-strengthened 316L steel: a study on ▫$Y_2O_3$▫ reinforcement and corrosion behaviourJan Pokorný, Jiří Kubásek, Črtomir Donik, David Nečas, Vojtěch Hybášek, Jaroslav Fojt, Anna Dobkowska, Irena Paulin, Jaroslav Čapek, Matjaž Godec, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This study explores the mechanical and corrosion properties of yttria-reinforced 316L stainless steel. Powder precursor materials were prepared using mechanical alloying. Varying yttria (Y2O3) contents (1, 3, and 5 wt%) were used to assess its impact on the steel’s properties. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful dispersion of Y2O3 within the matrix, with the formation of chromium carbides during spark plasma sintering (SPS). The mechanical properties, including hardness and compressive yield strength, improved with increasing Y2O3 contents, with the highest strength observed in the 316L-5Y2O3 sample. However, corrosion resistance decreased with higher yttria concentrations. The 3 wt% Y2O3 sample exhibited the highest corrosion rate due to localized corrosion in areas enriched with oxide particles and chromium carbides. Electrochemical testing revealed that carbide formation and Cr-depleted regions from SPS processing contributed to the corrosion behaviour. These findings suggest that while yttria reinforcement enhances mechanical strength, optimizing the Y2O3 content and processing methods is crucial to balance both mechanical and corrosion performance in ODS 316L stainless steel.
Ključne besede: mechanical milling, SPS, 316L, austenitic stainless steel, yttria, ODS steel, corrosion, EPR-SL
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 31.01.2025; Ogledov: 683; Prenosov: 454
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9. Corrosion of household mixer headsJaka Burja, 2024, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Povzetek: Household appliances often utilize polymer-metal bonding, typically achieved through adhesive bonding or press-fitting techniques. Corrosion resistance is a major factor in household appliances, as corrosion can compromise the functionality and aesthetics of household appliances. Stainless steels are a natural choice. However, the nature of polymer-stainless steel bonds can cause susceptibility to crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion, a localized attack on stainless steel in confined spaces. This study investigates crevice corrosion in mixer heads fabricated with two different grades of stainless steel (1.4016 and 1.4021). Metallographic analysis revealed a ferritic microstructure with higher chromium content for 1.4016, contributing to its superior corrosion resistance compared to the martensitic structure of 1.4021. Both materials exhibited a critical crevice width of 9-10 μm between the plastic head and the steel shaft, facilitating the entrapment of corrosive solutions (confirmed by EDS analysis) and subsequent crevice corrosion. The PREN (pitting resistance equivalent number) calculation further supported the observed behavior, with 1.4016 boasting a higher value (16-18) compared to 1.4021 (12-14). While PREN offers a valuable indicator, it highlights the importance of design considerations to minimize crevice formation. Here, eliminating the gap between plastic and steel through improved design or sealants emerges as a crucial preventive strategy. This study emphasizes the interplay between material selection and design in mitigating crevice corrosion in household appliances. By understanding the factors influencing corrosion susceptibility, manufacturers can optimize material choices and implement design solutions to ensure the longevity and performance of their products.
Ključne besede: crevice corrosion, stainless steel, mixer heads
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.01.2025; Ogledov: 622; Prenosov: 388
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10. Optimization of partial stainless steel melt oxidation in the EAFAnže Bajželj, Jaka Burja, 2024, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Povzetek: Stainless steel production typically follows the duplex process, beginning with the electric arc furnace (EAF) and proceeding to the vacuum oxygen decarburizer (VOD) or argon oxygen decarburizer (AOD). The EAF's role is to melt the charge and heat it up for further processing, reducing tap-to-tap times through partial oxidation. However, this partial oxidation in the EAF leads to chromium losses as oxygen interacts with the high chromium steel melt. To address this issue, parameters affecting chromium burn-off have been identified and presented. A primary challenge in EAF steel production with elevated chromium content is to lower carbon levels while maximizing chromium yield in the melt. Unlike VOD and AOD processes, which permit low carbon and high chromium levels through vacuum or argon blowing, the EAF provides limited protection, mainly through silicon. At higher temperatures, carbon oxidation predominates, hence it is important to limit oxygen input into the system in the initial stages, while “protecting” the chromium with silicon. During the oxidation phase of the steel melt, carbon content decreases; however, attention must be paid to ensure that the concentration is not too low, as this increases chromium activity in the melt, leading to more intense oxidation. A practical model, derived from thermodynamic calculations, has been developed to guide carbon, chromium, and other element oxidation during scrap melting. This model, validated through industrial trials, aids in optimizing steel melt oxidation to minimize chromium losses effectively.
Ključne besede: EAF, stainless steel scrap, carbon oxidation, chromium oxidation, thermodynamics
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.01.2025; Ogledov: 723; Prenosov: 395
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