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Povzetek: Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are electrophysiologic responses to pattern or flash stimuli, recorded over the occiput. VEPs can provide information regarding the function of the visual system and are valuable in the diagnosis and investigation of optic nerve disease or post-retinal visual pathway dysfunction. The ISCEV VEP Standard specifies stimulus and recording conditions for three basic types of recording: (1) Pattern-reversal VEPs elicited by checkerboard stimuli with large 1° (degree) and small 0.25° check widths. (2) Pattern onset/offset VEPs elicited by checkerboard stimuli with large 1° and small 0.25° check widths. (3) Flash VEPs elicited by a flash which subtends a visual field of at least 20°. The ISCEV VEP Standard protocols are defined for a single recording channel with a midline occipital active electrode. Multi-channel VEPs for evaluation of chiasmal and post-chiasmal lesions, together with protocols specific for pediatric populations, are also described in this document as non-standardized additions. The main changes in the updated ISCEV Standard for clinical VEP include an option to perform a simultaneous pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and pattern-reversal VEP recording, a revised definition of the origin and the analysis of the most prominent VEP components, and more precise descriptions of non-standard multi-channel and pediatric VEP recordings, intended to encourage convergence of widely used non-standard methods. These changes aim to provide a clinically relevant document about current practice which will facilitate good quality recordings and inter-laboratory comparisons.
Ključne besede: clinical standards, visual evoked potential, International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, pattern reversal visual evoked potential, pattern onset/offset visual evoked potential, flash visual evoked potential
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 24.02.2026; Ogledov: 802; Prenosov: 207
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Povzetek: Background: Social media platforms such as Reddit have become important spaces where individuals articulate their distress, seek support, and explore alternative ways of understanding mental health outside traditional institutional frameworks. These environments provide an opportunity to examine mental health discourse at scale, offering perspectives that extend beyond traditional clinical and research settings. Objective: This study aims to examine the structure of mental health communities on Reddit by identifying patterns of association between mental disorders reflected in user activity and assessing how these relationships align with established diagnostic categories in the ICD (International Classification of Diseases). Methods: We manually curated 114 Reddit communities focused on specific mental health conditions from the 20,000 most active subreddits in 2022. Each community was labeled into 49 disorders and categorized under 9 ICD diagnostic categories within the group of mental and behavioral disorders, collectively known as the F codes. We constructed a disorder association network by identifying statistically significant user overlaps based on coposting across subreddit pairs using a bipartite configuration model, with Bonferroni-corrected significance (P<.001). We analyzed the connectivity of the network within and across diagnostic categories, examining inter- and intracategory links. Finally, we compared the structure of disorder associations inferred from Reddit with the ICD classification derived from diagnostic criteria using hierarchical clustering. Results: The inferred Reddit network of psychopathology revealed an interconnected structure (density=0.135), with all but 6 disorders forming a single giant component that spans across all 9 diagnostic categories. The most prominent disorders by number of users included hyperkinetic disorders (85,000), depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorders (73,000), habit and impulse disorders (69,000), pervasive developmental disorders (52,000), and generalized anxiety disorder (44,000). In terms of connectivity, posttraumatic stress disorder (17/48 of all possible connections), obsessive-compulsive disorder (16/48), and depersonalization-derealization disorder (15/48) emerged as the most central in the network of positive disorder associations, while schizotypal disorder, avoidant personality disorder, and agoraphobia were the most central when accounting for the association strength. At the level of disorder categories, several disorders, such as bipolar disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, displayed high intercategory associations but weak intracategory ties, indicating blurred diagnostic boundaries. The network of negative coposting associations revealed a divergence from the expectations of past research; for instance, addiction-related communities (eg, alcohol and opioids) were negatively associated with much of the broader mental health discourse. Finally, hierarchical comparisons showed moderate overlap between the Reddit network of disorder associations and the ICD network of diagnostic criteria, both in pairwise edge similarity (13% of edges present in both networks) and overall clustering (Adjusted Rand Index=0.295). Conclusions: Reddit-based mental health communities reveal a complementary structure of disorder associations shaped by lived experience, often diverging from formal diagnostic criteria and exhibiting patterns of association that do not align with established diagnostic boundaries.
Ključne besede: Reddit, online communities, peer support, International Classification of Diseases
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.02.2026; Ogledov: 598; Prenosov: 299
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Ključne besede: nurses, nursing care, advanced nursing practice, clinical specialisation, international year of the nurse and midwife
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.01.2026; Ogledov: 367; Prenosov: 222
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Ključne besede: international exchange, nursing, students, education, cultural immersion
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.01.2026; Ogledov: 312; Prenosov: 195
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Povzetek: ewborn screening for Phenylketonuria enables early detection and timely treatment with a phenylalanine-restricted diet to prevent severe neurological impairment. Although effective and in use for 60 years, screening, diagnostic, and treatment practices still vary widely across countries and centers. To evaluate the Phenylketonuria newborn screening practices internationally, we designed a survey with questions focusing on the laboratory aspect of the screening system. We analyzed 24 completed surveys from 23 countries. Most participants used the same sampling age range of 48–72 h; they used tandem mass spectrometry and commercial non-derivatized kits to measure phenylalanine (Phe), and had non-negative cut-off values (COV) set mostly at 120 µmol/L of Phe. Participants mostly used genetic analysis of blood and detailed amino acid analysis from blood plasma as their confirmatory methods and set the COV for the initiation of dietary therapy at 360 µmol/L of Phe. There were striking differences in practice as well. While most participants reported a 48–72 h range for age at sampling, that range was overall quite diverse Screening COV varied as well. Additional screening parameters, e.g., the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio were used by some participants to determine the screening result. Some participants included testing for tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, or galactosemia in their diagnostic process. Results together showed that there is room to select a best practice from the many practices applied. Such a best practice of PKU-NBS parameters and post-screening parameters could then serve as a generally applicable guideline.
Ključne besede: phenylketonuria, newborn, neonatal, screening, international, survey, laboratory, methods, cut-off
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 04.12.2025; Ogledov: 3797; Prenosov: 342
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