1. CGM-derived efficacy and overall safety of once-weekly insulin efsitora alfa (efsitora) relative to day of administration in adults with type 2 diabetesThomas Martens, Tadej Battelino, Simon Heller, Anuj Bhargava, Linong Ji, Sreenivasa Murthy, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: basal insulin, continuous glucose monitoring, CGM, insulin therapy, type 2 diabetes
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 23.03.2026; Ogledov: 363; Prenosov: 1469
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2. International clinical opinion on transparency, standardisation, and calibration alignment in the performance evaluation of systems for continuous glucose monitoringJohn S. Pemberton, Robert C. Andrews, Katharine Barnard-Kelly, Tadej Battelino, Thomas Danne, Lutz Heinemann, Partha Kar, 2026, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is now central to diabetes management, yet variation in how respective medical products are evaluated limits meaningful comparison between CGM systems. Three barriers currently constrain reliable interpretation of glucose-derived measures. The first is limited transparency: in several regulatory settings, particularly those using Conformité Européenne marking, clinical-study reports, reference-method information and analytical documentation required for market authorisation are not publicly accessible. The second barrier is heterogeneity in study procedures. Existing evaluations use different reference-glucose methods, sampling strategies, glucose-manipulation protocols and participant characteristics, leading to accuracy estimates that cannot be interpreted consistently across systems. The third barrier is calibration alignment. Even with full transparency and aligned procedures, CGM systems may differ because their calibration algorithms are trained on distinct reference-glucose datasets, influencing reported glucose ranges, automated insulin-delivery behaviour and interpretation during device transitions. A modified Delphi process involving clinicians, laboratory scientists, and researchers identified these issues as the principal determinants of comparability. During this process, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine released a validated framework for performance evaluation of CGM systems, providing a unified approach to reference-method selection, dynamic in-clinic testing, and structured reporting. Adoption would reduce procedural variability but does not resolve calibration-alignment differences. This international clinical opinion proposes a pathway towards internationally interpretable CGM evaluation: immediate transparency of clinical evidence, routine declaration of calibration alignment, and progressive adoption of validated standardised procedures. These steps provide a foundation for reliable interpretation and globally comparable assessment of CGM technologies.
Ključne besede: continuous glucose monitoring, CGM, diabetes management, evaluation
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 19.03.2026; Ogledov: 409; Prenosov: 381
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3. State of the art and consensus statements by healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers on continuous glucose monitoring in liver glycogen storage diseasesTerry G. J. Derks, Ruben J. Overduin, Sarah C. Grünert, Alessandro Rossi, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is increasingly used although not officially registered for the management of people liv-ing with liver glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). The aims of this study were twofold: (a) to investigate the current experiencesof healthcare providers (HCPs), patients, and caregivers using CGM to monitor glucose concentrations in liver GSDs, and (b)to formulate consensus statements. Two web-based questionnaires were distributed, one for HCPs and one for patients and/ortheir caregivers. The questionnaires collected data on demographics and epidemiology, current use of CGM, and opinions andstatements about CGM in GSDs. For the statements, respondents rated their agreement on a 5-point Likert scale, and the consen-sus level was set at 75%. One Hundred Fourteen HCPs (including 87 physicians and 26 dietitians) from 28 countries responded,representing care of approximately 3800 liver GSD patients. Additionally, 148 GSD patients and/or their caregivers from 21 coun-tries responded, mainly representing GSD Ia (n = 50), GSD Ib (n = 56), GSD III (n = 14), and GSD IX (n = 18). The median age toconsider starting to use CGM was 6 and 2 months for HCPs and GSD families, respectively. Out of 16 statements common to thetwo questionnaires, HCPs and patients/caregivers reached consensus on 12 statements in both groups. Use of CGM is consideredstandard of care by both HCPs and GSD families, but reimbursement of CGM devices is challenging. Compared to diabetes melli-tus, CGM should be applied differently in liver GSDs. Consensus guidelines are warranted on the use of CGM in liver GSDs, bothin routine healthcare and in clinical trials.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of SSIEM.Terry G. J. Derks and Ruben J. Overduin are shared first authors.Sarah C. Grünert and Alessandro Rossi are shared last authors.The Members of the CGM GSD Collaborators Group are given in Appendix A.Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; DM, diabetes mellitus; FBS, Fanconi-Bickel syndrome; GSD, glycogen storage disease; HCP, healthcareprovider; SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.
Ključne besede: glycemic control, management, rare disease. survey, CGM, GSD, glycogen storage disease
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.03.2026; Ogledov: 400; Prenosov: 340
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4. CVOT Summit Report 2024 : new cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomesOliver Schnell, Jaime Almandoz, Lisa Anderson, Katharine Barnard-Kelly, Tadej Battelino, Matthias Blüher, Luca Busetto, 2025, drugi znanstveni članki Povzetek: The 10th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit: Congress on Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Outcomes was held virtually on December 5–6, 2024. This year, discussions about cardiovascular (CV) and kidney outcome trials centered on the recent findings from studies involving empagliflozin (EMPACT-MI), semaglutide (STEP-HFpEF-DM and FLOW), tirzepatide (SURMOUNT-OSA and SUMMIT), and finerenone (FINEARTS-HF). These studies represent significant advances in reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and improving metabolic outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The congress also comprised sessions on novel and established therapies for managing HFpEF, CKD, and obesity; guidelines for managing CKD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); organ crosstalk and the development of cardio-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome; precision medicine and person-centered management of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CKD; early detection of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and strategies to delay its onset; continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery (AID); cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and the diabetic heart; and the role of primary care in the early detection, prevention and management of CKM diseases. The contribution of environmental plastic pollution to CVD risk, the increasing understanding of the efficacy and safety of incretin therapies in the treatment of CKM diseases, and the latest updates on nutrition strategies for CKM management under incretin-based therapies were also topics of interest for a vast audience of endocrinologists, diabetologists, cardiologists, nephrologists and primary care physicians, who actively engaged in online discussions. The 11th CVOT Summit will be held virtually on November 20–21, 2025 (http://www.cvot.org).
Ključne besede: cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, CGM, CKM, diabetes, finerenone, GLP-1 RA, guidelines, heart failure, MASLD, obesity, SGLT2 inhibitor, tirzepatide
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 24.02.2026; Ogledov: 583; Prenosov: 265
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5. The evolving role of continuous glucose monitoring in hospital settings : bridging the analytical and clinical needsŠpela Volčanšek, Andrej Janež, Matevž Srpčič, 2026, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Background: The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers several benefits. Compared to point-of-care (POC) capillary glucose tests, user acceptability is greater, and time in the target glucose range is improved. If these advantages can be transferred from outpatient to in-patient settings, CGM could assist clinicians in making timely, proactive treatment decisions. Scope of the review: This scoping review focuses on clinical studies of CGM use in hospital settings among non-pregnant adults, with a particular focus on studies from 2023 to 2025. It examines the latest evidence and guidelines and sets out the clinical and analytical considerations involved in implementing in-patient CGM. Main findings: In-hospital CGM facilitates hypoglycemia detection, especially asymptomatic and nocturnal episodes. Data on the impact of CGM use on clinical outcomes are scarce, and most studies focus on the reliability of CGM technology rather than clinical outcomes. Several factors affect CGM accuracy in hospitals, such as medications, fluid management, and hemodynamic disturbances. Despite between-device and settings-related variability, CGM devices generally show reasonable accuracy, with Mean Absolute Relative Differences (MARDs) ranging from 10% to 23%. In-hospital CGM has also improved workflows and reduced personnel exposure in infectious disease settings. Key implementation challenges: The MARD thresholds for safe in-hospital CGM use without confirmatory POC testing and evidence-based protocols for CGM application in ICU and non-ICU settings are not yet established. Despite challenges related to implementation, including personnel training, integrating diabetes technology with electronic health records, and costs, the benefits of improved monitoring and in-patient safety make CGM use worthwhile to pursue.
Ključne besede: in-patient diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring, CGM, in-patient diabetes technology
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 13.01.2026; Ogledov: 591; Prenosov: 463
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