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Povzetek: Pseudo-nitzschia, a globally distributed diatom genus, dominates phytoplankton communities in biomass and abundance, with some species producing domoic acid (DA), the neurotoxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). The Adriatic Sea has become a hub of Pseudo-nitzschia research over the past 15 years. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary research across Adriatic sub-basins, integrating morphological, genetic, and ecological data. While ASP has never been documented in the Adriatic, DA was occasionally detected in shellfish. The production was linked to toxic species such as P. multistriata, P. calliantha, and P. galaxiae, which were found to produce DA in cultures from Adriatic isolates. Despite progress, LM-based monitoring remains prevalent, underestimating species complexity and toxigenic potential. Electron microscopy and genetic barcoding have nonetheless revealed new insights into the species composition of this genus in Adriatic. A total of 14 species have been reported so far with prominent regional disparity: the northern and middle Adriatic host higher diversity, contrasting with the southern Adriatic, where only five species were confirmed, and research remains sparse. Seasonal dynamics show summer-autumn peaks in abundance, though interannual and regional variability is notable. We present recent advances from the Adriatic including the discovery of Pseudo-nitzschia-infecting viruses, population genomic insights in P. multistriata, and metabarcoding-driven revelations of cryptic diversity. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps, including the ecological drivers of toxicity and the impacts of oligotrophication on community shifts. Collaborative, high-resolution methodologies (e.g., omics, automated imaging) are urged to address emerging challenges under climate change and anthropogenic pressures.
Ključne besede: Adriatic, Pseudo-nitzschia, diversity, ecology
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.04.2025; Ogledov: 127; Prenosov: 54
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Povzetek: Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.
Ključne besede: enniatins, beauvericin, genotoxicity, endocrine effects, immunotoxicology, toxicokinetics
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.04.2025; Ogledov: 92; Prenosov: 41
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Povzetek: BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) assist in the diagnosis of numerous infectious diseases. They are typically sensitive and specific and can be quickly developed and adapted. Far more challenging is the development of standards to ensure NAATs are performing within specification; reference materials take time to develop and suitable reference measurement procedures (RMPs) have not been available. This study investigated digital PCR (dPCR) RMP delivery of traceability for NAAT external quality assessment (EQA). METHODS: Three National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) applied reverse transcription (RT)-dPCR as a candidate RMP to estimate the RNA quantity in 32 independent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 materials. The results were combined to value assign the respective materials: 21 materials were used in 6 rounds of EQA over 17 months for 61 laboratories for COVID-19 testing results compared with reference values. RESULTS: The agreement between the 3 NMIs showed <2-fold difference between laboratories. EQA laboratory reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) values estimation of viral RNA quantity showed good median agreement with RT-dPCR reference value; however, RT-qPCR differences were generally between 10- and 50-fold between laboratories. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates how RT-dPCR can provide reference values for whole virus materials for NAAT quality assurance. RT-dPCR values guided EQA control material selection and provided EQA participants with traceability to RNA copy number delivered through the RMP. This approach can be used to support routine reference material use as well as to standardize quality assurance for NAATs where established reference materials are not available, such as in disease outbreaks.
Ključne besede: nucleic acid amplification tests, dPCR, reference measurement procedure, external quality assessment, SARS-CoV-2
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.04.2025; Ogledov: 78; Prenosov: 52
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Objavljeno v DiRROS: 11.04.2025; Ogledov: 125; Prenosov: 40
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Ključne besede: nuclear engineering, Master's degree studies, SARENA
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 11.04.2025; Ogledov: 111; Prenosov: 34
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