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Abstract: Hysteresis is a general phenomenon regularly observed in various materials. Usually, hysteretic behavior is an intrinsic property that cannot be circumvented in the non-equilibrium operation of the system. Herein, we show that, at least with regard to the hysteretic behavior of phase-separating battery materials, it is possible to enter (deeply) the hysteretic loop at finite battery currents. This newly observed electric response of the electrode, which is inherent to phase-separating materials, is, for the first time, related to its microscopic origin arising from a (significant) share of the active material residing in an intraparticle phase-separated state. This intriguing observation was further generalized by revealing that a phase-separating material can feature (significantly) different chemical potentials at the same bulk lithiation level and temperature when exposed to the same finite current and external voltage hysteresis. Therefore, the intraparticle phase-separated state significantly affected the DC and AC characteristics of the battery. The experimental evidence for entering the intraparticle phase-separated state is supported by thermodynamic reasoning and advanced modeling. The current findings will help advance the understanding, control, diagnostics, and monitoring of batteries composed of phase-separating materials while also providing pertinent motivation for the enhancement of battery design and performance.
Keywords: battery, phase-separating materials, Lithium iron phosphate, voltage hysteresis, intraparticle phase-separated
Published in DiRROS: 06.09.2023; Views: 346; Downloads: 167
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Keywords: ekosistem, monitoring, onesnaženost zraka, vpliv na okolje, gospodarjenje z gozdom, večnamenska vloga gozda, Slovenija
Published in DiRROS: 28.08.2023; Views: 334; Downloads: 95
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Abstract: The grains of three barley varieties were milled and sieved to obtain respective milling fractions with a content of beta-glucans (b-G) from 1.4 to 10.7%. The enriched fraction obtained by the extraction and precipitation contained 24.7% of b-G. The differences between the ratio of stable C carbon isotopes were established. Milling fractions with coarse particles had more beta-glucans and a more negative ratio of δ 13C isotope in comparison to the respective intact barley grain. However, the enriched fraction had a less negative isotope ratio. So, it is not expected that the deviation from the stable isotope ratio of grain in milling fractions is the result of the content of b-G, but it depends on other barley grain constituents. In different parts of barley grain, there are substances with different stable isotope ratios, and by milling and sieving, they are assorted to the same milling fraction with most of the b-G. The method for determining the ratio of a stable carbon isotope in diverse barley grain fractions, applied in this investigation, is potentially opening the possibility for an additional method of screening the concentration of bioactive constituents in barley grain.
Keywords: beta-glucans, starch, barley, stable isotopes, nutrition, milling
Published in DiRROS: 02.08.2023; Views: 370; Downloads: 180
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Abstract: Secondary raw materials (SRMs) tend to be a valuable replacement for finite virgin materials especially since construction works (i.e., building and civil engineering work such as road construction) require vast quantities of raw materials. Using SRM originating from recycling a broad range of inorganic waste materials (e.g., mining waste, different industrial wastes, construction, and demolition waste) has been recognized as a promising, generally more cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to the exploitation of natural resources. Despite the benefits of using SRM, several challenges need to be addressed before using SRM even more. One of them is the long-term durability and little-known response of construction works built using such alternative materials. In this paper, we present the activities to establish a fully functioning digital twin (DT) of a road constructed using SRM. The first part of the paper is devoted to the theoretical justification of efforts and ways of establishing the monitoring systems, followed by a DT case study where an integrated data environment synthesizing a Building Information Model and monitored data is presented. Although the paper builds upon a small scale, the case study is methodologically designed to allow parallels to be drawn with much larger construction projects.
Keywords: digital twins, road construction, circular economy
Published in DiRROS: 19.07.2023; Views: 286; Downloads: 195
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Abstract: Simple, low-cost methods for sensing volatile organic compounds that leave no trace and do not have a detrimental effect on the environment are able to protect communities from the impacts of contaminants in water supplies. This paper reports the development of a portable, autonomous, Internet of Things (IoT) electrochemical sensor for detecting formaldehyde in tap water. The sensor is assembled from electronics, i.e., a custom-designed sensor platform and developed HCHO detection system based on Ni(OH)2–Ni nanowires (NWs) and synthetic-paper-based, screen-printed electrodes (pSPEs). The sensor platform, consisting of the IoT technology, a Wi-Fi communication system, and a miniaturized potentiostat can be easily connected to the Ni(OH)2–Ni NWs and pSPEs via a three-terminal electrode. The custom-made sensor, which has a detection capability of 0.8 µM/24 ppb, was tested for an amperometric determination of the HCHO in deionized (DI) and tap-water-based alkaline electrolytes. This promising concept of an electrochemical IoT sensor that is easy to operate, rapid, and affordable (it is considerably cheaper than any lab-grade potentiostat) could lead to the straightforward detection of HCHO in tap water.
Keywords: formaldehyde, electrochemical sensor, nickel, tap water
Published in DiRROS: 06.06.2023; Views: 368; Downloads: 159
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