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782. Root-associated fungal communities from two phenologically contrasting Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) groups of treesTina Unuk Nahberger, Tijana Martinović, Domen Finžgar, Nataša Šibanc, Tine Grebenc, Hojka Kraigher, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: Root-associated fungal communities are important components in ecosystem processes, impacting plant growth and vigor by influencing the quality, direction, and flow of nutrients and water between plants and fungi. Linkages of plant phenological characteristics with belowground root-associated fungal communities have rarely been investigated, and thus our aim was to search for an interplay between contrasting phenology of host ectomycorrhizal trees from the same location and root-associated fungal communities (ectomycorrhizal, endophytic, saprotrophic and pathogenic rootassociated fungi) in young and in adult silver fir trees. The study was performed in a managed silver fir forest site. Twenty-four soil samples collected under two phenologically contrasting silver fir groups were analyzed for differences in rootassociated fungal communities using Illumina sequencing of a total root-associated fungal community. Significant differences in beta diversity and in mean alpha diversity were confirmed for overall community of ectomycorrhizal root-associated fungi, whereas for ecologically different non-ectomycorrhizal root-associated fungal communities the differences were significant only for beta diversity and not for mean alpha diversity. At genus level root-associated fungal communities differed significantly between early and late flushing young and adult silver fir trees. We discuss the interactions through which the phenology of host plants either drives or is driven by the root-associated fungal communities in conditions of a sustainably co-naturally managed silver fir forest.
Keywords: host phenology, stand age, root-associated fungi, silver fir, fungal community
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 2001; Downloads: 1400
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783. Reconstruction of landslide activity using dendrogeomorphological analysis in the Karavanke mountains in NW SloveniaDomen Oven, Tom Levanič, Jernej Jež, Milan Kobal, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: Tree ring eccentricity was used to reconstruct landslide activity in the last 138 years in the Urbas landslide located at Potoška planina in the NW part of the Karavanke Mountains, Slovenia. The research was based on the dendrochronological sampling of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in areas of varying landslide intensity. Analysis of a sudden change in the eccentricity index of 82 curved trees concluded that there were 139 growth disturbances and 16 landslide reactivations between 1880 and 2015, with a landslide return period of 8.5 years. Using lidar data, changes in the surface of the digital terrain model (DTM) were compared with changes in the eccentricity index of trees at the same location in the period 2014-2017. On the basis of temporal changes in the eccentricity index and by using spatial interpolation, landslide activity was reconstructed for the period 1943%2015. During this period, landslide intensity increased in the central part of the landslide. Although categorization into seven categories of different stem curvature was proposed, no distinction between categories with respect to their eccentricity index was found.
Keywords: landslide activity, dendrogeomorphology, tree ring eccentricity, eccentricity index, digital terrain model, spatial interpolation
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 1917; Downloads: 1362
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784. Evaluating WorldClim version 1 (1961-1990) as the baseline for sustainable use of forest and environmental resources in a changing climateMaurizio Marchi, Iztok Sinjur, Michele Bozzano, Marjana Westergren, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: WorldClim version 1 is a high-resolution, global climate gridded dataset covering 1961-1990; a ˝normal˝ climate. It has been widely used for ecological studies thanks to its free availability and global coverage. This study aims to evaluate the quality of WorldClim data by quantifying any discrepancies by comparison with an independent dataset of measured temperature and precipitation records across Europe. BIO1 (mean annual temperature, MAT) and BIO12 (mean total annual precipitation, MAP) were used as proxies to evaluate the spatial accuracy of the WorldClim grids. While good representativeness was detected for MAT, the study demonstrated a bias with respect to MAP. The average difference between WorldClim predictions and climate observations was around +0.2 °C for MAT and -48.7 mm for MAP, with large variability. The regression analysis revealed a good correlation and adequate proportion of explained variance for MAT (adjusted R2 = 0.856) but results for MAP were poor, with just 64% of the variance explained (adjusted R2 = 0.642). Moreover no spatial structure was found across Europe, nor any statistical relationship with elevation, latitude, or longitude, the environmental predictors used to generate climate surfaces. A detectable spatial autocorrelation was only detectable for the two most thoroughly sampled countries (Germany and Sweden). Although further adjustments might be evaluated by means of geostatistical methods (i.e., kriging), the huge environmental variability of the European environment deeply stressed the WorldClim database. Overall, these results show the importance of an adequate spatial structure of meteorological stations as fundamental to improve the reliability of climate surfaces and derived products of the research (i.e., statistical models, future projections).
Keywords: spatial analysis, spatial interpolation, geostatistics, ecological mathematics
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 1758; Downloads: 1063
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785. Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur)Tanja Mrak, Ines Štraus, Tine Grebenc, Jožica Gričar, Yasutomo Hoshika, Giulia Carriero, Elena Paoletti, Hojka Kraigher, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: Effects on roots due to ozone and/or soil water deficit often occur through diminished belowground allocation of carbon. Responses of root biomass, morphology, anatomy and ectomycorrhizal communities were investigated in seedlings of three oak species: Quercus ilex L., Q. pubescens Willd. and Q. robur L., exposed to combined effects of elevated ozone (ambient air and 1.4 x ambient air) and water deficit (100% and 10% irrigation relative to field capacity) for one growing season at a free-air ozone exposure facility. Effects on root biomass were observed as general reduction in coarse root biomass by -26.8 % and in fine root biomass by -13.1 % due to water deficit. Effect on coarse root biomass was the most prominent in Q. robur (-36.3 %). Root morphological changes manifested as changes in proportions of fine root (<2 mm) diameter classes due to ozone and water deficit in Q. pubescens and due to water deficit in Q. robur. In addition, reduced fine root diameter (-8.49 %) in Q. robur was observed under water deficit. Changes in root anatomy were observed as increased vessel density (+18.5 %) due to ozone in all three species, as reduced vessel tangential diameter (-46.7 %) in Q. ilex due to interaction of ozone and water, and as generally increased bark to secondary xylem ratio (+47.0 %) due to interaction of ozone and water. Water deficit influenced occurrence of distinct growth ring boundaries in roots of Q. ilex and Q. robur. It shifted the ectomycorrhizal community towards dominance of stress-resistant species, with reduced relative abundance of Tomentella sp. 2 and increased relative abundances of Sphaerosporella brunnea and Thelephora sp. Our results provide evidence that expression of stress effects varies between root traits; therefore the combined analysis of root traits is necessary to obtain a complete picture of belowground responses.
Keywords: ozone, drought, fine roots, ectomycorrhiza, anatomy, morphology, plants
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 2009; Downloads: 1311
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786. Cultural ecosystem services provided by the biodiversity of forest soils : a European reviewJurga Motiejunaite, Isabella Børja, Ivika Ostonen, Mark Bakker, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Ivano Brunner, Reda Iršenaite, Tanja Mrak, Edda Oddsdottir, Tarja Lehto, 2019, original scientific article Abstract: Soil is one of the most species-rich habitats and plays a crucial role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. It is acknowledged that soils and their biota deliver many ecosystem services. However, up to now, cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by soil biodiversity remained virtually unknown. Here we present a multilingual and multisubject literature review on cultural benefits provided by belowground biota in European forests. We found 226 papers mentioning impact of soil biota on the cultural aspects of human life. According to the reviewed literature, soil organisms contribute to all CES. Impact on CES, as reflected in literature, was highest for fungi and lowest for microorganisms and mesofauna. Cultural benefits provided by soil biota clearly prevailed in the total of the reviewed references, but there were also negative effects mentioned in six CES. The same organism groups or even individual species may have negative impacts within one CES and at the same time act as an ecosystem service provider for another CES. The CES were found to be supported at several levels of ecosystem service provision: from single species to two or more functional/taxonomical groups and in some cases morphological diversity acted as a surrogate for species diversity. Impact of soil biota on CES may be both direct % by providing the benefits (or dis-benefits) and indirect through the use of the products or services obtained from these benefits. The CES from soil biota interacted among themselves and with other ES, but more than often, they did not create bundles, because there exist temporal fluctuations in value of CES and a time lag between direct and indirect benefits. Strong regionality was noted for most of CES underpinned by soil biota: the same organism group or species may have strong impact on CES (positive, negative or both) in some regions while no, minor or opposite effects in others. Contrarily to the CES based on landscapes, in the CES provided by soil biota distance between the ecosystem and its CES benefiting area is shorter (CES based on landscapes are used less by local people and more by visitors, meanwhile CES based on species or organism groups are used mainly by local people). Our review revealed the existence of a considerable amount of spatially fragmented and semantically rich information highlighting cultural values provided by forest soil biota in Europe.
Keywords: soil biota, forests, soil ecosystem services, Europe
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 1798; Downloads: 1021
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787. Belowground biodiversity relates positively to ecosystem services of European forestsMark Bakker, Ivano Brunner, Francis Ashwood, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Tom Bolger, Isabella Børja, Monique Carnol, Pavel Cudlin, Lise Dalsgaard, Amandine Erktan, Hojka Kraigher, Tanja Mrak, 2019, original scientific article Keywords: cultural services, provisioning services, regulating services, supporting services, belowground biodiversity, European forests
Published in DiRROS: 20.02.2020; Views: 1833; Downloads: 1324
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788. |
789. Measuring techniques for concentration and stable isotopologues of CO2 in a terrestrial ecosystem : a reviewGrega E. Voglar, Saša Zavadlav, Tom Levanič, Mitja Ferlan, 2019, review article Abstract: Measurements of carbon dioxide and their stable isotopes are propulsive research tool in ecology and environmental science as they can give us insight into carbon cycle. They are widely used to investigate both natural and anthropogenic carbon sources in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere, as well as the exchange between these reservoirs. In this paper, we provide a basic overview of two different analytical measurement techniques, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and laser-absorption spectroscopy (LAS) which have been developed and utilized for monitoring of CO2 isotopologues in ecosystem. We present the basics for each technique, however with the emphasis on LAS measurement technique we are targeting readers who are not familiar with this topic. A major objective of this paper is to illustrate the current value and future potential of various analytical instruments in a wide range of applications deployed in the terrestrial ecosystem. Finally, we draw a conclusion from recent research campaigns by presenting a decision tree to better understand and choose a correct application combination for a selected scale of ecosystem.
Keywords: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry, laser-absorption spectroscopy, CO2 isotopologues, terrestrial ecosystem, decision tree, spectroscopic databases
Published in DiRROS: 18.02.2020; Views: 1759; Downloads: 783
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790. Phytosociological description of Quercus petraea forest stands with Chamaecytisus hirsutus and Erica carnea in the Vipavska brda (southwestern Slovenia)Igor Dakskobler, 2014, original scientific article Abstract: Fitocenološko smo raziskali sestoje gradna (Quercus petraea) v flišnem gričevju Vipavskih brd in na robu planote Vrhe (jugozahodna Slovenija), v katerih v zeliščni plasti prevladuje vrsta Erica carnea. Ugotavljamo, da so dolgotrajen degradacijski stadij na rastiščih bukovega gozda iz asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum. Na podlagi primerjav s podobnimi gradnovimi sestoji iz asociacij Melampyro vulgati-Quercetum petraeae, Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum petraeae in Erico carneae-Quercetum petraeae preučene sestoje uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Chamaecytiso hirsuti-Quercetum petraeae. Od sestojev primerjanih združb jih najbolj razlikujejo vrste Erica carnea, Sorbus aria, Lathyrus linifolius, Loranthus europaeus in Erythronium dens-canis. Novo asociacijo uvrščamo v zvezo Carpinion orientalis in v red Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae.
Keywords: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, degradacijski stadij, Vipavska brda, Vrhe, Slovenija
Published in DiRROS: 16.01.2020; Views: 3575; Downloads: 2096
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