| Title: | Charring and in-depth thermal penetration within cross-laminated timber elements in large-scale compartment fires |
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| Authors: | ID Pope, Ian (Corresponding author)
ID Lucherini, Andrea (Corresponding author)
ID Torero, Jose L. (Author)
ID Solarte, Angela (Author)
ID Casimiro-Soriguer, Diana (Author)
ID Gupta, Vinny (Author)
ID Wiesner, Felix (Author)
ID Lange, David (Author)
ID Hidalgo, Juan P. (Author) |
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| Files: |  URL - Source URL, visit https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104817
 PDF - Presentation file. (2,05 MB, This file will be accessible after 07.04.2028)
MD5: 14F2F3518CC59E93352350F5E71B2D2B
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| Language: | English |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: |  ZAG - Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute
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| Abstract: | The fire performance of engineered timber structures is fundamentally controlled by the coupling between the in-depth temperature evolution of the timber elements and the internal compartment fire dynamics. Charring and heating of the timber during and after a fire are known to significantly degrade the mechanical capacity of timber elements, while also influencing the intensity and duration of burning by generating additional fuel and potentially inducing bond line failures. A series of large-scale fire experiments in cross-laminated timber (CLT) compartments with varying configurations of exposed timber surfaces and movable fuel loads has been performed to investigate these interrelationships, by measuring the charring, thermal penetration, and exposure conditions of the CLT elements. The extent of charring and in-depth heating was found to be primarily determined by the duration of heating—associated to the movable fuel load characteristics and occurrence of self-extinction or char fall-off. Significant in-depth temperature rise beyond the char front continued beyond the decay of the fire and cessation of charring. These findings highlight the importance of designing timber compartments to limit the duration of burning, and to account for the structural implications of thermal penetration during the cooling phase. |
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| Keywords: | compartment fires, heat transfer, thermal penetration, large-scale, mass timber, cross-laminated timber, charring, char fall-off, performance-based design |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Author Accepted Manuscript |
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| Publication date: | 07.04.2026 |
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| Publisher: | Elsevier |
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| Year of publishing: | 2026 |
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| Number of pages: | str. 1-14 |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 163, [article no.] 104817 |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DiRROS-29407  |
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| UDC: | 62 |
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| ISSN on article: | 1873-7226 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104817 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 277985027 |
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| Note: | V uvodu navedeno: This special issue is based on the selection of works presented at the 15th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science (IAFSS 2026) that will be held on June 8 – 12 2026 in La Rochelle, France.;
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| Publication date in DiRROS: | 18.05.2026 |
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| Views: | 161 |
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| Downloads: | 41 |
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