| Title: | Urinary uremic toxin signatures and the metabolic index of gut dysfunction (MIGD) in autism spectrum disorder : a stool-phenotype-stratified analysis |
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| Authors: | ID Osredkar, Joško (Author)
ID Fabjan, Teja (Author)
ID Kumer, Kristina (Author)
ID Jekovec-Vrhovšek, Maja (Author)
ID Giebułtowicz, Joanna (Author)
ID Bobrowska-Korczak, Barbara (Author)
ID Avguštin, Gorazd (Author)
ID Godnov, Uroš (Author) |
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| Files: |  PDF - Presentation file, download (411,02 KB)
MD5: 1A5256B0BECD34ABB0E383F3541ED824
 URL - Source URL, visit https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/21/10475
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| Language: | English |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: |  UKC LJ - Ljubljana University Medical Centre
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| Abstract: | Gut-derived uremic toxins may play a key role in neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) via host-microbe metabolic interactions. We evaluated five uremic toxins—p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)—in urine samples of 97 children with ASD and 71 neurotypical controls, stratified by Bristol Stool Chart (BSC) consistency types. Four of these toxins (PCS, IS, TMAO, ADMA) were integrated into a novel composite biomarker called the Metabolic Index of Gut Dysfunction (MIGD), while SDMA was measured as a complementary renal function marker. While individual metabolite levels showed no statistically significant differences, group-wise analysis by stool phenotype revealed distinct trends. ASD children with hard stools (BSC 1–2) showed elevated PCS levels and the MIGD score (median 555.3), reflecting phenolic fermentation dominance with reduced indolic detoxification. In contrast, children with loose stools (BSC 6–7) had the lowest MIGD values (median 109.8), driven by higher IS and lower ADMA concentrations, suggestive of enhanced indole metabolism. These findings indicate that MIGD may serve as a novel biomarker to stratify metabolic phenotypes in ASD, linking urinary metabolite patterns to gut function. Further validation in larger and longitudinal cohorts is warranted to confirm its potential utility in precision microbiota-targeted interventions. |
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| Keywords: | autism spectrum disorder, uremic toxins, microbiota–host interactions, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, gut metabolic dysfunction, urinary biomarkers, Bristol stool chart |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Year of publishing: | 2025 |
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| Number of pages: | 14 str. |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 26, iss. 21, [article no.] 10475 |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DiRROS-28957  |
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| UDC: | 616.896 |
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| ISSN on article: | 1422-0067 |
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| DOI: | 10.3390/ijms262110475 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 257431043 |
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| Note: | Nasl. z nasl. zaslona;
Opis vira z dne 17. 11. 2025;
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| Publication date in DiRROS: | 14.04.2026 |
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| Views: | 23 |
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| Downloads: | 7 |
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