| Title: | Mitigating frequency dependent carrier frequency offset in multi-carrier phase difference ranging through timing diagram design |
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| Authors: | ID Simončič, Aleš, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Morano, Grega, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Hrovat, Andrej, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Javornik, Tomaž, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author) |
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| Files: |  URL - Source URL, visit https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11396660
 PDF - Presentation file, download (41,90 MB)
MD5: 0F39C0721102826AC842972686FD19CA
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| Language: | English |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: |  IJS - Jožef Stefan Institute
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| Abstract: | Multi-carrier phase difference (MCPD) ranging is promising for low-cost proximity and localization systems, but its performance degrades when devices use inexpensive crystal oscillators. In practice, carrier frequency offset (CFO) can change linearly with carrier frequency, and the difference between the slopes of CFO as a function of carrier frequency, referred to as the carrier frequency offset slope difference (CFOSD), introduces a systematic distance bias.We model MCPD using the standard timing diagram (TD) and derive a closed-form expression for the distance error that reveals a dominant term proportional to both CFOSD and the sampling time offset difference between devices. Two TD design approaches are proposed and validated by simulations with CFOSD sweep and additive noise. The temporal differential correction approach suppresses the effect of CFOSD on distance estimation over a wide CFOSD range and achieves almost zero bias, but at the cost of longer measurement duration, greater sensitivity to timing asynchronization, and a higher required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The role switching approach reverses the roles of initiator and reflector across carrier frequencies according to a role pattern, preserves the measurement duration of the standard TD, and reduces CFOSD sensitivity within a method-dependent CFOSD operating range. Experimental results for the standard and role-switching TD designs confirm the signal model, show good agreement between measured and simulated channel impulse responses, and demonstrate that the proposed TD designs substantially reduce distance bias caused by CFOSD while remaining compatible with low-cost implementations. |
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| Keywords: | asynchronization, carrier frequency offset, channel frequency response |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Submitted for review: | 23.12.2025 |
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| Article acceptance date: | 06.02.2026 |
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| Publication date: | 16.02.2026 |
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| Publisher: | IEEE |
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| Year of publishing: | 2026 |
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| Number of pages: | str. 1-19 |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 14 |
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| Source: | ZDA |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DiRROS-27742  |
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| UDC: | 621.39 |
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| ISSN on article: | 2169-3536 |
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| DOI: | 10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3665049 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 269131779 |
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| Copyright: | © 2026 The Authors. |
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| Note: | Nasl. z nasl. zaslona;
Soavtorji iz Slovenije: Grega Morano, Andrej Hrovat, Tomaž Javornik;
Opis vira z dne 20. 2. 2026;
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| Publication date in DiRROS: | 24.02.2026 |
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| Views: | 150 |
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| Downloads: | 80 |
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