| Title: | AI-enabled end-of-line quality control in electric motor manufacturing : methods, challenges, and future directions |
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| Authors: | ID Mlinarič, Jernej, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Dolanc, Gregor, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author) |
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| Files: |  URL - Source URL, visit https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/14/2/149
 PDF - Presentation file, download (2,47 MB)
MD5: 7DE4EC8C2A1DA3BC43CCA44F86865B96
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| Language: | English |
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| Typology: | 1.02 - Review Article |
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| Organization: |  IJS - Jožef Stefan Institute
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| Abstract: | End-of-Line (EoL) quality control plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability, safety, and performance of electric motors in modern industrial production. Increasing product complexity, tighter manufacturing tolerances, and rising production quantities have exposed the limitations of conventional EoL inspection systems, which rely primarily on manually crafted features, expert-defined thresholds, and rule-based decision logic. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and transfer learning (TL), have emerged as promising solutions to overcome these limitations by enabling data-driven, adaptive, and scalable quality inspection. This paper presents a comprehensive and structured review of the latest advances in intelligent EoL quality inspection for electric motor production. It systematically surveys the non-invasive measurement techniques that are commonly employed in industrial environments and examines the evolution from traditional signal processing-based inspection to AI-based approaches. ML methods for feature selection and classification, DL models for raw signal-based fault detection, and TL strategies for data-efficient model adaptation are critically analyzed in terms of their effectiveness, robustness, interpretability, and industrial applicability. Furthermore, this work identifies key challenges that prevent the widespread adoption of AI-based EoL inspection systems, including dependence on expert knowledge, limited availability of labeled fault data, generalization between motor variants and production condition, and the lack of standardized evaluation methodologies. Based on the identified research gaps, this review outlines research directions and emerging concepts for developing robust, interpretable, and data-efficient intelligent inspection systems suitable for real-world manufacturing environments. By synthesizing recent advances and highlighting open challenges, this review aims to support researchers and experts in designing next-generation intelligent EoL quality control systems that enhance production efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve product reliability. |
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| Keywords: | fault detection, condition monitoring |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Submitted for review: | 30.12.2025 |
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| Article acceptance date: | 19.01.2026 |
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| Publication date: | 28.01.2026 |
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| Publisher: | MDPI |
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| Year of publishing: | 2026 |
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| Number of pages: | str. 1-23 |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 14, iss. 2, [article no.] 149 |
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| Source: | Švica |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DiRROS-27393  |
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| UDC: | 004.8 |
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| ISSN on article: | 2075-1702 |
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| DOI: | 10.3390/machines14020149 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 267289859 |
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| Copyright: | © 2026 by the authors. |
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| Note: | Nasl. z nasl. zaslona;
Soavtorji: Boštjan Pregelj, Pavle Boškoski, Janko Petrovčič, Gregor Dolanc;
Opis vira z dne 4. 2. 2026;
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| Publication date in DiRROS: | 04.02.2026 |
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| Views: | 50 |
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| Downloads: | 24 |
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