| Title: | Two-photon 3D printing of functional microstructures inside living cells |
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| Authors: | ID Mur, Maruša, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Kavčič, Aljaž, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Jagodič, Uroš, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Podlipec, Rok, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author)
ID Humar, Matjaž, Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Author) |
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| Files: |  URL - Source URL, visit https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202519286
 PDF - Presentation file, download (2,06 MB)
MD5: 4146128E259825490C046A844A8DA60F
Description: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16743381, reference number 16743381.
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| Language: | English |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: |  IJS - Jožef Stefan Institute
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| Abstract: | 3D printing is transforming manufacturing and biomedicine, yet it has not been demonstrated inside living cells. Additionally, there is no method to deliver micron-scale, free-standing solid microstructures directly into the cytosol of non-phagocytic cells. Here, both of these challenges are addressed by fabricating custom-shaped polymeric microstructures directly inside living cells using two-photon polymerization. A bio-compatible photoresist is injected into cells and selectively polymerized with a femtosecond laser, creating intracellular structures with submicron resolution. Structures of various shapes are printed in live cells, including a 10 elephant, barcodes for cell tracking, diffraction gratings for remote readout, and microlasers. The printed structures in cells can affect the cell biology. The demonstrated top-down intracellular biofabrication approach, combined with functional photoresists, may enable new applications in intracellular sensing, biomechanical manipulation, bioelectronics, and targeted drug delivery. These embedded structures could provide novel control over the intracellular environment, allowing engineering of cellular properties beyond natural limits and genetic engineering. |
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| Keywords: | living cells, polymeric microstructure |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Submitted for review: | 30.09.2025 |
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| Article acceptance date: | 12.12.2025 |
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| Publication date: | 14.01.2026 |
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| Publisher: | Wiley |
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| Year of publishing: | 2026 |
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| Number of pages: | str. 1-12 |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 38, iss. , [article no.] e19286 |
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| Source: | Nemčija |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DiRROS-25672  |
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| UDC: | 577 |
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| ISSN on article: | 1521-4095 |
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| DOI: | 10.1002/adma.202519286 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 265955331 |
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| Copyright: | © 2026 The Author(s). |
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| Note: | Nasl. z nasl. zaslona;
Soavtorji: Aljaž Kavčič, Uroš Jagodič, Rok Podlipec, Matjaž Humar;
Opis vira z dne 23. 1. 2026;
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| Publication date in DiRROS: | 27.01.2026 |
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| Views: | 208 |
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| Downloads: | 111 |
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