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2. The effects of large-scale forest disturbances on hydrology : an overview with special emphasis on karst aquifer systemsUrša Vilhar, Janez Kermavnar, Erika Kozamernik, Metka Petrič, Nataša Ravbar, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: Large-scale forest disturbances (LSFD) are an essential component of forest ecosystem dynamics. The effects of rapid loss of forest cover and other changes in forest ecosystems are inextricably linked to hydrologic processes such as evapotranspiration, soil and recharge processes. Among all hydrogeological systems, karst aquifers are important because of their exceptionally rich and unique biodiversity, biomass, and groundwater resources. At the same time, they are characterized by specific hydrological processes that make them highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Therefore, this study paid special attention to the effects of LSFD on karst hydrology. Using the PRISMA checklist, a thorough literature review of studies published between 2001 and 2020 was compiled into a comprehensive matrix dataset. In addition, an initial assessment of the global and regional distribution of forests on carbonate rocks was made based on publicly available geodatabases of forests and karst aquifers. The compiled information provides the first global overview of hydrological processes affected by LSFD, and identifies important knowledge gaps and future research challenges. The matrix dataset contained 117 full-text articles with a total of 160 case studies. Most publications were from 2011 to 2017, with more than half of the studies at the plot level and more than one-third at the catchment level. Studies on the effects of fires and pest and diseases infestations predominated. However, no articles were found on the effects of ice storms on hydrology in general or on the effects of pest and disease infestations on hydrology in karst areas. Of the 45.6 M km2 of forested land worldwide, 6.3 M km2 or 13.9% of all forests are underlain by carbonate rocks. Carbonate rocks cover about 15% of the land surface, which means that 31.3% of the world's karst aquifers are covered by forest. 29% of all case studies were conducted in karst areas, which is a high proportion compared to the proportion of forests in karst areas. However, these studies are unevenly distributed geographically. Most studies were conducted at the plot level, and only 21% of studies focused on natural LSFD, so forest management and land use change studies predominated. Although studies on the effects of LSFD on evapotranspiration processes between vegetation, air and soil are fairly well represented, infiltration and recharge processes in karst areas remain poorly understood and knowledge is lacking, particularly on groundwater flow and related hydrological processes. Regional studies and impacts on groundwater resources are also insufficient. The results indicate an urgent need for an integrated holistic interdisciplinary approach and a comprehensive understanding of the individual influencing factors, which would allow more accurate modelling of hydrological processes in forested karst aquifers.
Keywords: natural disasters, climatic changes, evapotranspiration, hydrology, karst aquifers
Published in DiRROS: 19.05.2023; Views: 184; Downloads: 112
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3. Assessing the heterogeneity and conservation status of the Natura 2000 priority forest habitat type Tilio–Acerion (9180*) based on field mappingJanez Kermavnar, Erika Kozamernik, Lado Kutnar, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Priority habitat types (HTs) within the Natura 2000 network are of the highest importance for conservation in Europe. However, they often occur in smaller areas and their conservation status is not well understood. One such HT is that of the Tilio–Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines (9180*). The Natura 2000 study site, Boč–Haloze–Donačka gora, in the Sub-Pannonian region of eastern Slovenia is characterized by a matrix of European beech forests and includes rather small, fragmented areas covered by Tilio–Acerion forests. The goal of this research was to examine the heterogeneity and conservation status of the selected HT through field mapping, which was performed in the summer of 2020. As the conservation of HT calls for a more detailed approach, we distinguished between the following four pre-defined habitat subtypes: (i) Acer pseudoplatanus-Ulmus glabra stands growing mostly in concave terrain, (ii) Fraxinus excelsior stands growing on slopes, (iii) Tilia sp. stands with thermophilous broadleaves occurring on ridges and slopes, (iv) Acer pseudoplatanus stands occurring on more acidic soils with an admixture of Castanea sativa. Field mapping information was complemented with the assessment of habitat subtype characteristics using remote sensing data. The results showed that habitat subtypes differed significantly in terms of area, tree species composition, forest stand characteristics, relief features and the various threats they experienced (e.g., fragmentation, tree mortality, ungulate browsing pressure). The differences between subtypes were also evident for LiDAR-derived environmental factors related to topography (i.e., terrain steepness and Topographic Position Index). This study provides a baseline for setting more realistic objectives for the conservation management of priority forest HTs. Due to the specificities of each individual habitat subtype, conservation activities should be targeted to the Natura 2000 habitat subtype level.
Keywords: forest habitat subtype, monitoring, biodiversity conservation, LiDAR, Slovenia, NATURA 2000
Published in DiRROS: 03.02.2023; Views: 823; Downloads: 175
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4. Infiltration processes in karst aquifers affected by large-scale forest disturbancesUrša Vilhar, Mitja Ferlan, Janez Kermavnar, Erika Kozamernik, Aleksander Marinšek, Metka Petrič, Tanja Pipan, Daniel Žlindra, Nataša Ravbar, 2021, published scientific conference contribution abstract Keywords: karst hydrogeology, global environmental changes, large-scale forest disturbances, aquifer recharge, water monitoring
Published in DiRROS: 03.12.2021; Views: 918; Downloads: 589
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5. Ocena stanja ohranjenosti habitatnega tipa 91E0* Obrečna vrbovja, jelševja in jesenovja v območju Natura 2000 Ličenca pri PoljčanahAjša Alagić, Lado Kutnar, Erika Kozamernik, Valerija Babij, Aleksander Marinšek, Janez Kermavnar, Anica Simčič, Ruben Šprah, 2021, original scientific article Abstract: Stanje ohranjenosti sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* Obrečna vrbovja, jelševja in jesenovja (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) je v Sloveniji precej zaskrbljujoče. V Sloveniji je bilo njegovo stanje ocenjeno kot slabo, trend pa negativen, kar pomeni dodatno možnost poslabšanja. Omenjeni gozdni habitatni tip sodi med prioritetne ali prednostne habitatne tipe, za katere je predvidena posebna skrb Evropske skupnosti. Zaradi njegove majhnosti in fragmentiranosti je pogosto spregledan in tudi neustrezno obravnavan. Z namenom, da bi izboljšali njegovo prepoznavnost in spoznali njegove značilnosti na terenu, smo mu v okviru LIFE integriranega projekta za okrepljeno upravljanje Nature 2000 v Sloveniji namenili posebno pozornost. V raziskavi smo z uporabo metode terenskega kartiranja podrobneje proučili stanje sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* v območju Natura 2000 Ličenca pri Poljčanah. Na tak način smo ugotovili, kakšna je površina sestojev tega habitatnega tipa in jo primerjali z obstoječimi conami habitatnega tipa 91E0*. Ugotavljali smo pojavljanje ključnih drevesnih vrst oz. drevesno sestavo sestojev, njihovo pomlajevanje ter vrste pritiskov in groženj za habitatni tip 91E0* na tem območju. Izmed različnih znanih podtipov habitatnega tipa 91E0* smo na tem območju našli predvsem podtip nižinsko črnojelševje, pa tudi fragmente podtipa vrbovja s topolom. Ponekod so se tudi v gozdu pojavljali manjši sestoji vrb in ozkolistnega jesena. Ugotovili smo, da površine sestojev habitatnega tipa 91E0* na območju Natura 2000 Ličenca pri Poljčanah dejansko zavzemajo le približno četrtino površine obstoječih con habitatnega tipa. Analiza drevesne sestave sestojev je pokazala predvsem vraščanje smreke v sestojih črnojelševja, le-ta naravno ni prisotna v tem habitatnem tipu. Ugotovili smo, da je na proučevanem območju pomlajevanje črne jelše zelo okrnjeno. Na slabšanje stanja sestojev črnojelševja še dodatno vplivajo različni pritiski in grožnje, kot so bližina kmetijskih površin, odpadki, fragmentacija sestojev črnojelševja, širjenje invazivnih tujerodnih rastlin, vodne regulacije, bližina prometnic, izsuševanje rastišč idr. Stanje ohranjenosti sestojev tega habitatnega tipa je bilo posledično v večini primerov ocenjeno kot neugodno do slabo. Z namenom, da bi se stanje obrečnih gozdov na območju Ličence pri Poljčanah izboljšalo, smo v prispevku predlagali nekaj konkretnih ohranitvenih ukrepov
Keywords: habitatni tip, črnojelševje, obrečni gozdovi, terensko kartiranje, stanje ohranjenosti, Alnus glutinosa, Natura 2000
Published in DiRROS: 14.04.2021; Views: 1373; Downloads: 479
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6. Ekosistemske storitve urbanih gozdov za rezervni vodni virUrša Vilhar, Erika Kozamernik, 2020, original scientific article Abstract: Gozdovi s svojimi ekosistemskimi storitvami pomembno prispevajo k varovanju vodnih virov, posebno v urbanih okoljih. V članku predstavljamo metodologijo za oceno ekosistemskih storitev urbanih gozdov za varovanje rezervnega vodnega vira, pri čemer je to prva tovrstna neekonomska ocena. Da bi lahko primerjali ekosistemske storitve gozdov za varovanje vodnih virov z drugimi rabami tal, smo za vodozbirno zaledje rezervnega vodnega vira izbrali kazalnike za ohranjanje kakovosti voda, uravnavanje količine voda in zmanjševanje onesnaženosti zraka za urbane gozdove in druge rabe tal v študijskem območju. Za vsak kazalnik smo izračunali relativni prispevek posamezne rabe tal k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov, in sicer za (1) kmetijska zemljišča, (2) travniki in opuščena kmetijska zemljišča, (3) urbani gozd, (4) mokrišča, močvirja in poplavne ravnice ter (5) pozidano zemljišče. Ugotovili smo, da urbani gozdovi v znatno večji meri prispevajo k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov kot druge rabe tal. Največji prispevek urbanih gozdov je bil ugotovljen pri ohranjanju kakovosti voda ter zmanjševanju onesnaženosti zraka, kjer so kazalniki znatno višji kot za travnike ali kmetijska zemljišča. Prav tako je bil ugotovljen velik prispevek urbanih gozdov k uravnavanju količine voda, ki pa je bil višji za mokrišča, močvirja in poplavne ravnice. K ekosistemskim storitvam varovanja vodnih virov je glede na izbrane kazalnike največji skupni relativni prispevek urbanih gozdov (2,4), katerim sledijo travniki in opuščena kmetijska zemljišča (1,6). Mokrišča, močvirja oziroma poplavne ravnice (1,3) prispevajo podobno kot kmetijska zemljišča (1,2). Najmanjši relativni skupni relativni prispevek pa smo ugotovili za pozidane površine (0,0). Glede na velik prispevek urbanih gozdov k ekosistemski storitvi varovanja vodnih virov v primerjavi z drugimi rabami tal bi bilo smiselno njihov delež ohraniti ali v II. in III. vodovarstvenem območju celo povečati. Vsekakor pa bi bilo priporočljivo omejiti širjenje urbanizacije ter druge človekove dejavnosti, ki ogrožajo vodne vire.
Keywords: urbani gozdovi, ekosistemske storitve, oskrba s pitno vodo, raba tal, zelena infrastruktura
Published in DiRROS: 02.05.2020; Views: 2254; Downloads: 646
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7. Nekaj zdravega, sladkega in užitnega iz gozda : povzetek referatovErika Kozamernik, Simon Zidar, Matic Konc, Peter Železnik, 2019, proceedings of professional or unreviewed scientific conference contributions Abstract: V izobraževalnem seminarju z aktivnostmi gozdne pedagogike smo želeli združiti znanja, ki nekaterim že ustvarjajo delovna mesta, in potrebe širše javnosti, ki o teh nelesnih dobrinah ve precej, a kljub temu še ne dovolj, da bi se z njimi lahko poistovetila ali jih predajala kakovostno naprej.
Keywords: gozdovi, gozdni proizvodi, spoznavanje narave, zborniki, elektronske knjige
Published in DiRROS: 19.02.2020; Views: 1877; Downloads: 974
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