1. Comparative ultrastructure of cells and cuticle in the anterior chamber and papillate region of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda) hindgutUrban Bogataj, Monika Praznik, Polona Mrak, Jasna Štrus, Magda Tušek-Žnidarič, Nada Žnidaršič, 2018, original scientific article Abstract: Isopod hindgut consists of two anatomical and functional parts, the anterior chamber, and the papillate region. This study provides a detailed ultrastructural comparison of epithelial cells in the anterior chamber and the papillate region with focus on cuticle ultrastructure, apical and basal plasma membrane labyrinths, and cell junctions. Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the hindgut epithelial cells was demonstrated by cytochemical localisation. The main difference in cuticle ultrastructure is in the thickness of epicuticle which is almost as thick as the procuticle in the papillate region and only about one sixth of the thickness of procuticle in the anterior chamber. The apical plasma membrane in both hindgut regions forms an apical plasma membrane labyrinth of cytoplasmic strands and extracellular spaces. In the papillate region the membranous infoldings are deeper and the extracellular spaces are wider. The basal plasma membrane is extensively infolded and associated with numerous mitochondria in the papillate region, while it forms relatively scarce basal infoldings in the anterior chamber. The junctional complex in both hindgut regions consists of adherens and septate junctions. Septate junctions are more extensive in the papillate region. Na+/K+-ATPase was located mostly in the apical plasma membranes in both hindgut regions. The ultrastructural features of hindgut cuticle are discussed in comparison to exoskeletal cuticle and to cuticles of other arthropod transporting epithelia from the perspective of their mechanical properties and permeability. The morphology of apical and basal plasma membranes and localisation of Na+/K+-ATPase are compared with other arthropod-transporting epithelia according to different functions of the anterior chamber and the papillate region.
Keywords: cell junctions, digestive system, extracellular matrix, ion transporting epithelium, plasma membrane labyrinth
Published in DiRROS: 24.07.2024; Views: 79; Downloads: 71
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2. New insights in ATP synthesis as therapeutic target in cancer and angiogenic ocular diseasesCornelis J. F. van Noorden, Bahar Yetkin-Arik, Paola Serrano Martinez, Noëlle Bakker, Mathilda E. van Breest Smallenburg, Reinier O. Schlingemann, Ingeborg Klaassen, Bernarda Majc, Anamarija Habič, Urban Bogataj, Katrin S. Galun, Miloš Vittori, Mateja Erdani-Kreft, Metka Novak, Barbara Breznik, Vashendriya V. V. Hira, 2024, review article Abstract: Lactate and ATP formation by aerobic glycolysis, the Warburg effect, is considered a hallmark of cancer. During angiogenesis in non-cancerous tissue, proliferating stalk endothelial cells (ECs) also produce lactate and ATP by aerobic glycolysis. In fact, all proliferating cells, both non-cancer and cancer cells, need lactate for the biosynthesis of building blocks for cell growth and tissue expansion. Moreover, both non-proliferating cancer stem cells in tumors and leader tip ECs during angiogenesis rely on glycolysis for pyruvate production, which is used for ATP synthesis in mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, aerobic glycolysis is not a specific hallmark of cancer but rather a hallmark of proliferating cells and limits its utility in cancer therapy. However, local treatment of angiogenic eye conditions with inhibitors of glycolysis may be a safe therapeutic option that warrants experimental investigation. Most types of cells in the eye such as photoreceptors and pericytes use OXPHOS for ATP production, whereas proliferating angiogenic stalk ECs rely on glycolysis for lactate and ATP production.
Keywords: aerobic glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis, angiogenesis, ATP synthesis, cancer cells, cancer stem cells, endothelial cells, energy metabolism, eye diseases, oxidative phosphorylation, pericytes, retina, Warburg effect
Published in DiRROS: 18.06.2024; Views: 182; Downloads: 113
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