41. Addressing cardiovascular toxicities of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia : practical recommendations for haematologists in central and eastern EuropeIgor Aurer, Nikola Bulj, Liliya Demirevska, Siniša Dragnić, Mojca Dreisinger, Luka Lipar, Karla Rener, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Advances in understanding the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) translated into revolutionary treatments with improved survival outcomes. Consequently, the traditional chemoimmunotherapy courses shifted to targeted therapies, including inhibitors of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTKis). BTKis correlate with an increased risk over time of toxicities of the cardiovascular (CV) system, which require proper management. An expert meeting involving 14 haematology and cardiology opinion leaders from 5 Central Eastern European countries was held, aiming to find pragmatic approaches for haematologists to identify the CLL patients at CV risk before starting the BTKis therapy, and further recognize, manage and monitor de novo cardiotoxicities occurring under treatment. Geographical variations have been described, including availability of reimbursed BTKis, national registries, and presence of cardio-oncology units. The experts discussed controversies, unmet needs and potential solutions by exemplifying local challenges and best practices. Each patient requires a personalized strategy based on multiple factors, hence practical pathways to follow during the continuity of care in CLL patients requiring BTKis have been proposed. Rigorous evaluation of the CV risk, periodic assessments of cardiotoxicity during BTKis treatment and work in multidisciplinary teams are vital for managing CV complications without unnecessary interruptions of the CLL treatment.
Keywords: CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, BTK inhibitors, cardiovascular toxicity, cardio-oncology
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 67; Downloads: 19
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42. SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with left ventricular reverse remodeling in patients with non-compaction cardiomyopathy : a prospective observational cohort trialAndraž Cerar, Gregor Poglajen, Gregor Zemljič, Sabina Frljak, Neža Žorž, Martina Jaklič, Renata Okrajšek, Miran Šebeštjen, Bojan Vrtovec, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Background/Objectives: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) improve outcomes in heart failure; however, data in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) patients are limited. We sought to analyze the clinical effects of the SGLT2is dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in patients with LVNC. Methods: Thirty consecutive LVNC patients diagnosed by CMR were prospectively enrolled. Clinical, biochemical and echocardiography data were obtained at the initiation of the SGLT2is and at the 12-month follow-up. All patients were on stable guideline-directed medical therapy. A response to SGLT2i therapy was defined as an improvement in LVEF ≥ 5% at 12 months. Results: Of the 30 enrolled patients, 25 were male, with a mean age of 49 ± 16 years and few comorbidities. Dapagliflozin 10 mg was prescribed to 23 patients and empagliflozin 10 mg to 7 patients. Five patients experiened an adverse event during follow-up (one sudden cardiac death; four heart transplantations or LVAD implantations). During follow-up, significant improvements were observed in LVEF (32.1 ± 6.9% vs. 43.5 ± 9.7%; p = 0.003), LVOT VTI (14.8 ± 6.5 cm vs. 17.6 ± 3.3 cm; p = 0.008), E/e′ (14.8 ± 4.7 vs. 10.0 ± 4.1; p < 0.001), and TAPSE (2.0 ± 0.4 cm vs. 2.3 ± 0.4 cm; p = 0.012). NT-proBNP levels decreased significantly (2025 ± 2198 pg/mL vs. 582 ± 803 pg/mL; p = 0.005). Eighteen patients responded favorably to SGLT2i therapy (Group A), whereas seven showed no significant LVEF improvement (Group B). The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, baseline creatinine, or bilirubin. Compared to Group B, Group A had a smaller baseline LV end-diastolic diameter (6.3 ± 0.8 cm vs. 7.1 ± 0.9 cm; p = 0.025) and lower NT-proBNP levels (1720 ± 1662 pg/mL vs. 4527 ± 4397 pg/mL; p = 0.02). Conclusions: In patients with LVNC, SGLT2i therapy is associated with significant reverse remodeling and functional improvement. Benefits may be greater in those with less advanced disease.
Keywords: non-compaction cardiomyopathy, guideline-directed heart failure medical therapy, myocardial recovery
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 72; Downloads: 27
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43. Generalized stepwise transmission irregular graphsYaser Alizadeh, Sandi Klavžar, Zohre Molaee, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: The transmission ${\rm Tr}_G(u)$ of a vertex $u$ of a connected graph $G$ is the sum of distances from $u$ to all other vertices. $G$ is a stepwise transmission irregular (STI) graph if $|{\rm Tr}_G(u) - {\rm Tr}_G(v)|= 1$ holds for any edge $uv\in E(G)$. In this paper, generalized STI graphs are introduced as the graphs $G$ such that for some $k\ge 1$ we have $|{\rm Tr}_G(u) - {\rm Tr}_G(v)|= k$ for any edge $uv$ of $G$. It is proved that generalized STI graphs are bipartite and that as soon as the minimum degree is at least $2$, they are $2$-edge connected. Among the trees, the only generalized STI graphs are stars. The diameter of STI graphs is bounded and extremal cases discussed. The Cartesian product operation is used to obtain highly connected generalized STI graphs. Several families of generalized STI graphs are constructed.
Keywords: graph distance, transmission of vertex, stepwise transmission irregular graph, Cartesian product of graphs
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 67; Downloads: 27
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44. Priporočila za nadomeščanje holekalciferola (vitamina D3) v obdobjih respiratornih okužb in za nadomeščanje holekalciferola pri posameznikih s COVID-19Marija Pfeifer, Darko Siuka, Igor Pravst, Alojz Ihan, 2020, treatise, preliminary study, study Keywords: vsebnost vitaminov pri ljudeh, vitamin D, vpliv pomanjkanja na respiratorna obolenja, priporočila
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 50; Downloads: 17
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45. Sporočilo ob 40. letnici svetovnega dne hrane 2019Peter Raspor, Emil Erjavec, Darja Barlič-Maganja, Bety Breznik, Bojan Butinar, Ivan Eržen, Mojca Jevšnik Podlesnik, Elizabeta Mičović, Andrej Ovca, Blaža Nahtigal, Janez Podobnik, Igor Pravst, Marjeta Recek, Sonja Smole Možina, Dejan Škorjanc, Zdravko Štor, David Tavželj, Blanka Vombergar, 2020, professional article Keywords: varna hrana, varnost živil, samooskrba, oskrbovalna veriga, zdrava hrana
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 23; Downloads: 20
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46. Recent progress and advancement in detecting Methylmercury using a battery of biosensors and biomolecular-based techniques : An updated overviewAllwin Mabes Raj, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Aljoša Košak, Milena Horvat, Aleksandra Lobnik, Tomaž Rijavec, Aleš Lapanje, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Methylmercury (MeHg) represents the most toxic form of mercury, owing to its ability to permeate both the blood-brain and placental barriers, leading to bioaccumulation in organisms. In the marine food web, MeHg concentrations can reach levels millions of times higher than those found in the surrounding environment, posing significant ecological and human health risks. This review provides a comprehensive overviews and critical evaluation of the available biosensor detection platforms for the detection of MeHg, with a focus on their performance based on key parameters such as (i) sensitivity, (ii) selectivity, (iii) response time, and (iv) adaptability to diverse environmental matrices. We examine recent advancements in MeHg biosensing technologies, emphasizing innovative approaches that surpass current methodologies regarding detection limits, reversibility, response time, and operational stability. Furthermore, we present an in-depth discussion on future directions for the development of in situ MeHg detection platforms, with potential applications in both biomedical and environmental monitoring. The review concludes by outlining the challenges and opportunities for advancing MeHg sensing technologies to enhance real-time detection in aqueous environments.
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 35; Downloads: 14
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47. On the sumsets of exceptional units in quaternion ringsHassan Cheraghpour, David Dolžan, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: We investigate sums of exceptional units in a quaternion ring $H(R)$ over a finite commutative ring $R$. We prove that in order to find the number of representations of an element in $H(R)$ as a sum of $k$ exceptional units for some integer $k \geq 2$, we can limit ourselves to studying the quaternion rings over local rings. For a local ring $R$ of even order, we find the number of representations of an element of $H(R)$ as a sum of $k$ exceptional units for any integer $k \geq 2$. For a local ring $R$ of odd order, we find either the number or the bounds for the number of representations of an element of $H(R)$ as a sum of $2$ exceptional units.
Keywords: exceptional units, finite rings, quaternion rings
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 40; Downloads: 18
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48. Complexity of antibiotic resistance and its impact on gut microbiota dynamicsH. Shayista, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Syed Baker, 2025, review article Abstract: The present review explores the influence of the gut microbiota on antibiotic resistance dynamics, particularly those associated with dysbiosis. The improper use of antibiotics can induce resistance in pathogens through various pathways, which is a topic of increasing interest within the scientific community. This review highlights the importance of microbial diversity, gut metabolism, and inflammatory responses against the dysbiosis due to the action of antibiotics. Additionally, it examines how secondary metabolites secreted by pathogens can serve as biomarkers for the early detection of antibiotic resistance. Although significant progress has been made in this field, key research gaps persist, including the need for a deeper understanding of the long-term effects of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and the specific mechanisms driving the evolution of resistance in gut bacteria. Based on these considerations, this review systematically analyzed studies from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus up to July 2024. This study aimed to explore the dynamics of the interactions between gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance, specifically examining how microbial composition influences the development of resistance mechanisms. By elucidating these relationships, this review provides insights into management strategies for drug resistance and improves our understanding of microbial contributions to host health.
Keywords: gut microbiota, antibiotic resistance, dysbiosis, homeostasis
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 41; Downloads: 31
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49. Impact of macrolide antibiotics on gut microbiota diversity with age-specific implications and scientific insightsH. Shayista, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Syed Baker, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: This review investigates the effects of macrolides on the gut microbiota across different age groups. Macrolides, widely used to treat various infections, have been shown to disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to reduced bacterial diversity and increased risks of antibiotic resistance. The review examines the general mechanisms of action by macrolides, highlighting their role in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and promoting antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer and selective pressure. Additionally, the reviews also focus on transition of gut microbiota across different age groups. It also addresses the dysbiotic shift induced by macrolides and its recovery following antibiotic discontinuation. Factors contributing to macrolides resistance, including genetic mutations and environmental factors, are discussed. The focus has been on alternative therapeutic approaches highlighted to mitigate resistance. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the implications associated with macrolides on gut health and offers insights into managing and minimizing resistance development.
Keywords: gut microbiota, antibiotic resistance, different age groups, analysis
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 39; Downloads: 25
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50. An international consensus on the design of clinical trials for advanced combination treatment (ACT) in inflammatory bowel diseaseVirginia Solitano, Jurij Hanžel, Christopher Ma, Robert Battat, Tim Raine, Britta Siegmund, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Bram Verstockt, Joana Torres, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Background: Advanced Combination Treatment (ACT) refers to the dual use of two advanced therapies—either two biologics, two small molecules, or one biologic and one small molecule. There is a lack of guidance regarding clinical trial design for ACT in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Key uncertainties remain regarding aspects such as eligibility criteria, pharmacotherapy regimens, safety considerations, and standardised trial design configurations for both induction and maintenance phases. We aimed to formulate expert recommendations regarding the design of ACT clinical trials in IBD. Methods: A systematic search was performed in June 2023. Modified RAND/University of California, Los Angeles Appropriateness Methodology (RAM) was employed to evaluate 287 statements related to the design of ACT clinical trials in patients with IBD. A multidisciplinary panel of gastroenterologists and precision medicine scientists rated statement appropriateness on a 9-point Likert scale. Statements were subsequently categorised as appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate based on the median panel rating and the presence of disagreement. The consensus meetings were held on February 6, 2024 and June 4, 2024. Findings: ACT should consist of drugs with distinct mechanisms of action, avoiding combinations targeting the same biological pathway. Appropriate eligibility criteria included prior treatment failure and high risk for disease complications. Safety considerations were prioritised, with short-term use of high-risk regimens acceptable for induction therapy. Trial designs should compare ACT to monotherapy and allow for longitudinal evaluation. Co-primary endpoints of clinical remission and endoscopic response were endorsed, with safety outcomes including adverse events and infections. Precision medicine approaches, guided by biomarker analysis, were considered essential for further defining mechanistic pathways and monitoring treatment response. Interpretation: Implementing standardised design elements for eligibility criteria, pharmacotherapy regimens, safety considerations, and trial design configurations will facilitate the conduct of efficient clinical trials of ACT.
Keywords: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, combination treatment, dual therapy, inflammatory bowel disease
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 17; Downloads: 14
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