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Abstract: Raziskava prinaša nova spoznanja in izzive s področij ribištva v Sloveniji in z njim povezanih panog. Z intervjuji smo pridobili primarne podatke za raziskovanje, ki je vključevalo različne vidike in segmente ribiškega trga v Sloveniji, s poudarkom na socio-ekonomskih dejavnikih. Preučevali smo ribolov in vzrejo školjk ter rib v morju in v celinskih vodah, povezovanje ribištva s turizmom, predelavo ribiških izdelkov, zlorabe na ribiškem trgu in sorodne teme kakortudi možnosti za trajnostni razvoj ribištva v slovenskem morju in v celinskih vodah. Rezultati intervjujev so nam dali vpogled v vrsto težav in v možne rešitve, kot so jih predvideli različni deležniki, povezani s trgom rib. V zaključku raziskave so predstavljeni ugotovitve o trgu rib, možne smeri in vplivi na razvoj trga rib. Glede na ugotovljene težave smo podali tudi predloge, ki bi lahko izboljšali stanje v ribištvu in na trgu rib v Sloveniji. Raziskava je prinesla nekaj pomembnih ugotovitev, kot so: slovenski potrošniki pojedo mnogo manj rib v primerjavi z ostalimi članicami Evropske unije, slabo so ozaveščeni o ribolovnih izdelkih in ozaveščanje je preveč kratkoročno usmerjeno, da bi dosegli spremembe. V vseh dejavnostih, povezanih s trgom rib, je potrebno zmanjšati vplive na okolje, kar bo pomagalo ohranjati ribolovne vire v naravnih vodah.
Keywords: prehranska varnost, ribolov, ribogojstvo, akvakultura, trajnostni razvoj, zakonodaja, kvaliteta, trženje, razvojne perspektive, elektronske knjige
Published in DiRROS: 08.08.2024; Views: 282; Downloads: 228
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Abstract: Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.
Keywords: mycotoxin, exposure routes, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, immunosuppression, biotransformation, toxicokinetics, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, altenuene, tentoxin, altertoxin
Published in DiRROS: 07.08.2024; Views: 280; Downloads: 231
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Abstract: In this work, choline chloride and betaine hydrochloride were condensed into a - to our knowledge - unreported choline betainate (N,N,N-trimethyl-2-oxo-2-(2-(trimethylammonio)ethoxy)ethanaminium chloride) using 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) activation of betaine hydrochloride in dimethylsulfoxide. The product and reaction intermediates were isolated, purified by preparative HPLC and analyzed in detail by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The final product has a high cytotoxicity for L929 mouse fibroblasts, and low antibacterial activity against P. Aeruginosa and S. Aureus at concentrations of up to 20 mg/ml. It could potentially further be investigated for similar uses as suxamethonium chloride, a muscle relaxant drug.
Keywords: choline chloride, betaine hydrochloride, carbonyldiimidazole, HPLC, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity
Published in DiRROS: 07.08.2024; Views: 298; Downloads: 336
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Abstract: Most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoding the synthesis of important microbial secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, are either silent or poorly expressed; therefore, to ensure a strong pipeline of novel antibiotics, there is a need to develop rapid and efficient strain development approaches. This study uses comparative genome analysis to instruct rational strain improvement, using Streptomyces rimosus, the producer of the important antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) as a model system. Sequencing of the genomes of two industrial strains M4018 and R6-500, developed independently from a common ancestor, identified large DNA rearrangements located at the chromosome end. We evaluated the effect of these genome deletions on the parental S. rimosus Type Strain (ATCC 10970) genome where introduction of a 145 kb deletion close to the OTC BGC in the Type Strain resulted in massive OTC overproduction, achieving titers that were equivalent to M4018 and R6-500. Transcriptome data supported the hypothesis that the reason for such an increase in OTC biosynthesis was due to enhanced transcription of the OTC BGC and not due to enhanced substrate supply. We also observed changes in the expression of other cryptic BGCs; some metabolites, undetectable in ATCC 10970, were now produced at high titers. This study demonstrated for the first time that the main force behind BGC overexpression is genome rearrangement. This new approach demonstrates great potential to activate cryptic gene clusters of yet unexplored natural products of medical and industrial value.
Keywords: genome reduction, antibiotic biosynthesis, oxytetracycline, cryptic metabolites
Published in DiRROS: 07.08.2024; Views: 277; Downloads: 230
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Abstract: Dickeya fangzhongdai, an aggressive plant pathogen, causes symptoms on a variety of crops and ornamental plants including bleeding canker of Asian pear trees. Historical findings stress the need for a specific detection tool for D. fangzhongdai to prevent overlooking the pathogen or assigning it to general Dickeya spp. Therefore, a qualitative real-time PCR for specific detection of D. fangzhongdai has been developed and validated. The developed assay shows selectivity of 100%, diagnostic sensitivity of 76% and limit of detection with 95% confidence interval in plant matrices ranging from 311 to 2,275 cells/mL of plant extracts. The assay was successfully used in a retrospective survey of selected host plants of relevance to Europe and environmental niches relevant to D. fangzhongdai. Samples of potato tubers and plants, plants from the Malinae subtribe (apple, pear, quince, and Asian pear tree) and fresh surface water from Slovenia were analyzed. D. fangzhongdai was not detected in any plant samples, however, 12% of surface water samples were found to be positive.
Keywords: molecular testing, diagnostics, plant pathogen, real-time PCR, Dickeya, survey, water
Published in DiRROS: 07.08.2024; Views: 272; Downloads: 209
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