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14. Dedni dejavniki, povezani z rakom prostateMateja Krajc, Ana Blatnik, Ksenija Strojnik, 2023, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: Rak prostate je najpogostejši rak pri moških tako v svetu kot tudi v Sloveniji. Najpomembnejši nevarnostni dejavniki za raka prostate so starost, etnična pripadnost in družinska anamneza raka prostate. Rak prostate se lahko pojavlja v sklopu različnih dednih sindromov, kot sta npr. sindrom dednega raka dojk in/ ali jajčnikov in sindrom Lynch. Moških z rakom prostate in pozitivno družinsko anamnezo rakavih obolenj ne testiramo le zato, da bi ocenili njihovo ogroženost za razvoj drugih rakov v sklopu dednega sindroma. Zaradi razvoja specifičnih zdravil je izvid genetskega testiranja lahko pri njih pomemben tudi za načrtovanje zdravljenja. Zadnjih nekaj let smo priča hitremu razvoju genetskih testiranj za zarodne patogene in verjetno patogene različice v genih, ki visoko in zmerno ogrožajo za raka prostate in lahko napovedujejo agresivnost bolezni in odziv na specifično zdravljenje. Obenem se uveljavlja tudi genetsko testiranje vzorcev tumorske DNA, ki zazna tako zarodne kot pridobljene, t. i. somatske patogene različice, vpletene v proces kancerogeneze. Genetski izvid je pomemben tudi za krvne sorodnike testiranih. Če je v določenem genu prisotna zarodna patogena različica, je možno odkrivanje nosilcev te okvare tudi med ostalimi sorodniki. Zdravim nosilcem lahko tako omogočimo njim prilagojene presejalne programe za rake, za katere so lahko visoko ali zmerno ogroženi.
Keywords: rak prostate, dednost, genetika
Published in DiRROS: 02.02.2023; Views: 505; Downloads: 117
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15. Klinična genetika in rak dojkMateja Krajc, 2022, published professional conference contribution Abstract: V primeru dedovanja visoko penetrantnih zarodnih patogenih različic (PR) v določenih genih se lahko močno poveča ogroženost, da bo posameznik zbolel za rakom. Prepoznavanje nosilcev zarodnih okvar je zato zelo pomembno. Vključimo jih lahko namreč v učinkovite presejalne programe za visoko ogrožene.
Že leta 1999 smo se na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana (OI) tega zavedali in tako kmalu po odkritju prvih genov, ki jih povezujemo z večjo ogroženostjo za raka dojk, genov BRCA1 in BRCA2, omogočili slovenskim družinam genetsko svetovanje in testiranje po najvišjih možnih standardih kakovosti. V sklopu multidisciplinarne obravnave smo tako v 23 letih dejavnosti genetski posvet in test omogočili več kot 11.000 posameznikom, največ, več kot 90 % vseh, prav s področja dednega raka dojk in jajčnikov. Dejavnost smo razširili tudi na druge dedne sindrome za raka in se umestili v sam evropski vrh kot evropski referenčni center za redke bolezni – v mrežo za dedne rake. Od 2019 vodimo državni register testiranih, obremenjenih z dednim rakom, in naše bolnike vključujemo v domače in mednarodne raziskave. Nenehno preverjamo in optimiziramo kakovost dela in s tem skrbimo za varno obravnavo bolnikov.
Keywords: rak dojk, diagnostika, onkologija
Published in DiRROS: 22.12.2022; Views: 394; Downloads: 113
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16. Program DORA – od začetkov do evropsko prepoznanega presejalnega programa za raka dojkKristijana Hertl, Mateja Krajc, Katja Jarm, Mateja Kurir-Borovčić, 2022, published professional conference contribution Abstract: V Sloveniji od leta 2008 deluje Državni presejalni program za raka dojk DORA, začetki za izvajanje programa pa segajo v leto 2003. Leta 2007 so na Zdravstvenem svetu sprejeli predlog organiziranega in centralizirano vodenega presejalnega programa, v katerem so ženske vabljene na mamografijo v specializiranih presejalnih centrih in po potrebi opravljajo dodatno diagnostiko v dveh presejalno-diagnostičnih centrih. Program DORA se je postopno širil po državi, od začetne širitve v ljubljanski in mariborski regiji (2010–2013), do končne širitve po celi državi (2014–2018). V programu DORA so ženske v starosti 50–69 let vsaki dve leti pisno povabljene na presejalni pregled z mamografijo, ki omogoča odkrivanje še netipnih sprememb v dojki. Ob sumljivih spremembah na mamografiji so ženske vabljenje na nadaljnjo obravnavo, če je odkrit rak dojk, pa tudi na zdravljenje. Od 2018 v okviru programa deluje 22 mamografov v 16 stacionarnih in 3 mobilnih presejalnih enotah ter dva presejalno-diagnostična centra za nadaljnjo obravnavo žensk in zdravljenje v presejanju odkritih rakov. Program DORA deluje v skladu z visokimi standardi evropskih smernic kakovosti in zagotavlja enako obravnavo za vse udeleženke v katerikoli presejalni enoti v Sloveniji. Cilj presejalnega programa je ob vsaj 70-odstotni udeležbi žensk doseči znižanje umrljivosti za rakom dojk v ciljni populaciji za 25–30 %. Program s 74-odstotno udeležbo v zadnjih desetih letih letno opravi več kot 110.000 mamografij in odkrije okrog 650 primerov raka dojk. Zaradi svoje organizacije, informacijske podpore, izobraževalnih in komunikacijskih aktivnosti ter strokovnega nadzora vseh korakov presejanja je evropski primer dobre prakse presejalnega programa.
Keywords: rak dojke, preventivni programi, javno zdravje
Published in DiRROS: 22.12.2022; Views: 493; Downloads: 154
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17. Klinična pot in obseg dela genomskega svetovalca v procesu obravnave pacienta v Ambulanti za onkološko genetsko svetovanje in testiranje Oddelka za onkološko klinično genetikoNatalija Klopčič, Svetlana Novak, Tina Kerševan, Barbara Babuder, Ana Blatnik, Ksenija Strojnik, Mateja Krajc, 2022, professional monograph Keywords: genetsko svetovanje, genetsko testiranje, klinična genetika, genomsko svetovanje
Published in DiRROS: 15.11.2022; Views: 562; Downloads: 270
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18. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and associated endocrinopathies in Slovenia from 1995 to 2021Sara Milićević, Mateja Krajc, Ana Blatnik, Barbara Perić, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: Background: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare endocrine tumour that is sporadic in 75% of cases and occurs as a part of inherited cancer syndromes in approximately 25% of cases. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and type of RET pathogenic variants (PVs) in the Slovenian MTC patient population diagnosed between 1995 and 2021 and to elucidate the full range of associated endocrinopathies. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records of 266 MTC patients and their relatives seen in a tertiary centre between 1995 and 2021 was performed. Sequence analysis of exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16 of the RET gene was analysed in most patients using Sanger sequencing. From 2017, the entire sequence of RET gene was analysed in most patients using targeted next-generation sequencing. Results: Germline PVs in the RET proto-oncogene were identified in 21.6% probands from 21 different MTC families. Of their tested relatives, 65% (67/103) were RET-positive and 35% (36/103) were RET-negative. PVs were detected in codon 618 and codon 634 in 28.6%, and in codon 790 in 23.8%. The RET-positive group consisted of 52 MTC patients, 13 patients with C cell hyperplasia and 2 individuals with neither. Associated endocrinopathies were diagnosed in 8/21 families: primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in six families and pheochromocytoma (PHEO) in five families. In 62% of RET-positive families (13/21), no associated endocrinopathies were diagnosed. PHEO was most commonly associated with C634R (6/13) and PHPT with C634R (4/7). Hirschsprung’s disease appeared in one patient with RET PV in codon 618. Based on data from the Cancer Registry of Republic of Slovenia, only individual cases of common cancers with well understood environmental risk factors were discovered; lung cancer in 2/21 of families, papillary thyroid cancer in 3/21 of families, cutaneous melanoma in 2/21 of families, cervical cancer in 1/21 families, and lymphoma in 1/21 families. Conclusions: Analysis of prospectively collected MTC cases during a 27-year period revealed that 21.6% of Slovenian patients are RET PV carriers. Sixty-two percent of families had none of the associated endocrinopathies, confirming the thesis that FMTC is the most common presentation. This could suggest using risk-stratified management approaches when screening for PHEO and PHPT in RET PV carriers. However, more studies are needed to evaluate potential genetic risk modifiers as well as safety, improved quality of life, and medical cost reduction in the case of a patient-oriented approach.
Keywords: medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism
Published in DiRROS: 23.09.2022; Views: 613; Downloads: 281
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19. Trends and timing of risk-reducing mastectomy uptake in unaffected BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers in SloveniaTaja Ložar, Janez Žgajnar, Andraž Perhavec, Ana Blatnik, Srdjan Novaković, Mateja Krajc, 2021, original scientific article Abstract: Objectives. Risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) is one of key prevention strategies in female carriers of germline BRCA pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PV/LPV). We retrospectively investigated the rate, timing and longitudinal trends of bilateral RRM uptake and the incidence and types of cancers among unaffected BRCA carriers who underwent genetic counseling at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana in Slovenia. Materials and Methods. Female BRCA carriers without personal history of cancer were included in the study. Clinical data on PV/LPV type, date of RRM, type of reconstructive procedure, occult carcinoma and histopathology results was collected and analyzed. Results. Of the 346 unaffected BRCA carriers (median age 43 years, 70% BRCA1, 30% BRCA2, median follow-up 46 months) who underwent genetic testing between October 1999 and December 2019, 25.1% had a RRM (range 35-50 years, median age at surgery 38 years). A significant difference in time to prophylactic surgery between women undergoing RRM only vs. women undergoing RRM combined with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy was observed (22.6 vs 8.7 months, p=0.0009). We observed an upward trend in the annual uptake in line with the previously observed Angelina Jolie effect. In 5.7% of cases, occult breast cancer was detected. No women developed breast cancer after RRM. Women who did not opt for surgical prevention developed BRCA1/2-related cancers (9.3%). Conclusion. The uptake of RRM among unaffected BRCA carriers is 25.1% and is similar to our neighboring countries. No women developed breast cancer after RRM while women who did not opt for surgical prevention developed BRCA1/2 related cancers in 9.3% of cases. The reported data may provide meaningful aid for carriers when deciding on an optimal prevention strategy.
Keywords: risk-reducing mastectomy, breast cancer, BRCA
Published in DiRROS: 21.09.2022; Views: 500; Downloads: 167
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20. New approach for detection of normal alternative splicing events and aberrant spliceogenic transcripts with long-range PCR and deep RNA sequencingVita Šetrajčič Dragoš, Vida Stegel, Ana Blatnik, Gašper Klančar, Mateja Krajc, Srdjan Novaković, 2021, original scientific article Abstract: RNA sequencing is a promising technique for detecting normal and aberrant RNA isoforms. Here, we present a new single-gene, straightforward 1-day hands-on protocol for detection of splicing alterations with deep RNA sequencing from blood. We have validated our method%s accuracy by detecting previously published normal splicing isoforms of STK11 gene. Additionally, the same technique was used to provide the first comprehensive catalogue of naturally occurring alternative splicing events of the NBN gene in blood. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach can be used for detection of splicing impairment caused by genetic variants. Therefore, we were able to reclassify three variants of uncertain significance: NBN:c.584G>A, STK11:c.863-5_863-3delCTC and STK11:c.615G>A. Due to the simplicity of our approach, it can be incorporated into any molecular diagnostics laboratory for determination of variant%s impact on splicing.
Keywords: RNA sequencing, DNA variant, splicing
Published in DiRROS: 21.09.2022; Views: 515; Downloads: 278
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