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683. Insect pest management in the age of synthetic biologyRubèn Mateos Fernández, Marko Petek, Mojca Juteršek, Iryna Gerasymenko, Špela Baebler, Kalyani Kallam, Elena Moreno Gimenéz, Janine Gondolf, Alfred Nordmann, Kristina Gruden, Diego Orzaez, Nicola Patron, 2022, review article Abstract: Arthropod crop pests are responsible for 20% of global annual crop losses, a figure predicted to increase in a changing climate where the ranges of numerous species are projected to expand. At the same time, many insect species are beneficial, acting as pollinators and predators of pest species. For thousands of years, humans have used increasingly sophisticated chemical formulations to control insect pests but, as the scale of agriculture expanded to meet the needs of the global population, concerns about the negative impacts of agricultural practices on biodiversity have grown. While biological solutions, such as biological control agents and pheromones, have previously had relatively minor roles in pest management, biotechnology has opened the door to numerous new approaches for controlling insect pests. In this review, we look at how advances in synthetic biology and biotechnology are providing new options for pest control. We discuss emerging technologies for engineering resistant crops and insect populations and examine advances in biomanufacturing that are enabling the production of new products for pest control.
Keywords: biotechnology, insect pest management, synthetic biology
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 250; Downloads: 318
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684. Stik urbanih površin z gozdom na primeru Krajinskega parka Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hribTjaša Babič, Mojca Nastran, 2024, professional article Abstract: V Sloveniji problematika stika urbanih površin z gozdom še ni bila celostno obravnavana, zato je bil izveden primer študije v vzhodnem delu Krajinskega parka Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib v Ljubljani, kjer so pogosti konflikti med urbanimi površinami in gozdnim ekosistemom. Študija je vključevala ožji pregled literature, terenske preglede z zabeležbo dejavnosti na stiku urbanih površin z gozdom in analizo pobud s spletnega portala Servis pobude meščanov Ljubljana. Dejavnosti smo evidentirali z aplikacijo ArcGIS Survey 123. Prevladujoče neprimerne dejavnosti na proučevanem območju so vključevale nelegalno odlaganje materiala in odpadkov na gozdnem robu, sledilo je nenadzorovano širjenje invazivnih rastlinskih vrst. Gozdni požari na gozdnem robu niso bili med izstopajočimi težavami. Občani so poudarili pomen ohranjanja urejenega in mirnega okolja v krajinskem parku in izrazili pomembnost dobre dostopnosti ter prometne urejenosti. Za učinkovito upravljanje območja na stiku urbanih površin smo podali smernice, ki vključujejo preventivne ukrepe za zmanjšanje tveganja požarov, uporabo okolju prijaznih ograj za zaščito pred divjadjo, spodbujanje sajenja domačih neinvazivnih vrst in pravilno odstranjevanje invazivnih rastlin. Ozaveščanje javnosti in sodelovanje z lokalno skupnostjo sta ključna za ohranjanje stabilnosti in ekološke funkcionalnosti gozdnega roba.
Keywords: urbani gozdovi, mestni gozdovi, gozdni rob, konfliktni stiki, divja odlagališča odpadkov, invazivne rastline, gozdni požar, smernice za upravljanje
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 261; Downloads: 103
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685. Prilagajanje gospodarjenja z gozdovi podnebnim spremembam: zasnova in predlog strategijAndrej Bončina, 2024, review article Abstract: Podnebne spremembe se kažejo v postopnem spreminjanju povprečnih vrednosti podnebnih spremenljivk in večji pogostnosti ekstremnih vremenskih dogodkov. Podnebne spremembe vplivajo na razvoj gozdov. Ocena ranljivosti gozdov je izhodišče za gospodarjenje z gozdovi, prilagojeno podnebnim spremembam. S prilagojenim gospodarjenjem izboljšamo odpornost in prožnost gozdov ter pospešimo tranzicijo gozdov. Prilagojeno gospodarjenje je opredeljeno s strategijami, smernicami in ukrepi. V prispevku predstavljamo i) zasnovo prilagojenega gospodarjenja z gozdovi, ii) predlog strategij za prilagajanje gozdov podnebnim spremembam v Sloveniji in iii) postopek vključevanja prilagoditvenega gospodarjenja v celovito zasnovo gospodarjenja z gozdovi.
Keywords: ocena ranljivosti, odpornost gozdov, prožnost gozdov, prilagajanje gospodarjenja, strategije, ukrepi, načrtovalni postopek
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 254; Downloads: 93
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689. New tools and recommendations for a better management of harmful algal blooms under the European Marine Strategy Framework DirectiveYolanda Sagarmínaga, Esther Garcés, Janja Francé, Rowena Stern, Marta Revilla, Erika Magaletti, Eileen Bresnan, George Tsirtsis, 2023, review article Abstract: Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by various aquatic microalgae, pose significant risks to ecosystems, some socio-economic activities and human health. Traditionally managed as a public health issue through reactive control measures such as beach closures, seafood trade bans or closure of mollusc production areas, the multifaceted linkages of HABs with environmental and socio-economic factors require more comprehensive ecosystem-based management approach tools to support policies. This study promotes a coordinated understanding and implementation of HAB assessment and management under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), targeting the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GES) in European marine waters. We introduce two novel tools: GES4HABs (GES for HABs) decision tree, and MAMBO (environMental mAtrix for the Management of BlOoms), a decision support matrix. These tools aim to streamline HABs reporting and prioritize resource allocation and management interventions. The GES4HABs decision tree defines a sequence of decision steps to identify HAB management strategies according to their state (evaluated against predefined baselines) and causes (anthropic or natural). MAMBO is proposed to address different HABs and their interaction with human and environmental pressures. The matrix utilizes two axes: natural trophic status and level of human influence, capturing major aspects such as nutrient supply. While acknowledging the limitations of this simplified framework, MAMBO categorizes marine regions into quadrants of varying management viability. Regions with high human influence and eutrophic conditions are identified as most suitable for effective management intervention, whereas regions with minimal or mixed human influence are deemed less amenable to active management. In addition, we explore and describe various indicators, monitoring methods and initiatives that may be relevant to support assessments of HAB status and associated pressures and impacts in the MSFD reporting. Finally, we provide some recommendations to promote the consideration of HABs in ecosystem-based management strategies, intensify efforts for harmonizing and defining best practices of analysis, monitoring and assessment methodologies, and foster international and cross-sectoral coordination to optimize resources, efforts and roles.
Keywords: decision support tools, ecosystem-based management, indicators, marine monitoring, eutrophication, marine biotoxins, environmental assessment, pressures and impacts
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 246; Downloads: 253
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690. Bird (aves) descriptions of Joannes Antonius Scopoli (1723-1788) : general overviewAl Vrezec, 2023, review article Abstract: Author of at least 175 new bird taxa, of which 59 taxa are still valid today, Joannes Antonius Scopoli (1723-1788) is one of the most important creators of ornithological history worldwide, yet often overlooked because his ornithological legacy remains poorly researched and known. His most important scientific work was conducted in Carniola (present-day Slovenia) between 1754 and 1769 and resulted in numerous publications. These include bird studies published in Annus I. Historico Naturalis, Descriptiones Avium (1769), while later studies were devoted to the revision of other explorer datasets, the most important being descriptions of birds from Pierre Sonnerat’s expeditions. The paper presents an overview of the all new bird taxa described by Scopoli.
Keywords: history of science, ornithology, collection, taxonomy, type specimens, zoological nomenclature, zoology
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 230; Downloads: 176
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