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Abstract: Deskriptor 1: Biotska raznovrstnost se ohranja. Kakovost in prisotnost habitatov ter razporeditev in številčnost vrst so v skladu s prevladujočimi fiziografskimi, geografskimi in podnebnimi pogoji. »Presojo je treba opraviti na več ekoloških ravneh: na ravni ekosistemov, habitatov (vključno z njimi povezanimi združbami na nivoju biotopov) in vrst, ki so upoštevane v strukturi tega dela ob upoštevanju točke 2 dela A. Za nekatere vidike tega deskriptorja je potrebna dodatna znanstvena in tehnična podpora. Pri obravnavi širšega obsega deskriptorja je treba ob upoštevanju Priloge III k Direktivi 2008/56/ES določiti prioritete med elementi biotske raznovrstnosti (vrste, habitati in ekosistemi). To omogoča prepoznavanje tistih elementov in območij, kjer vplivi in grožnje nastajajo, poleg tega pa podpira opredelitev ustreznih kazalcev med izbranimi merili, primernimi za zadevna območja in elemente biotske raznovrstnosti. Obveznost regionalnega sodelovanja iz členov 5 in 6 Direktive 2008/56/ES je neposredno povezana z izbiro elementov biotske raznovrstnosti znotraj regij, podregij in pododdelkov, kjer je mogoče, pa tudi z vzpostavitvijo referenčnih razmer v skladu s Prilogo IV k Direktivi 2008/56/ES. Modeliranje z uporabo platforme geografskega informacijskega sistema je lahko uporabna podlaga za določanje območja razširjenosti elementov biotske raznovrstnosti ter človekovih dejavnosti in pritiskov zaradi teh dejavnosti, ob upoštevanju, da se vse mogoče zajete napake ustrezno ocenijo in opišejo ob uporabi rezultatov. Ti podatki so pogoj za ekosistemsko upravljanje človekovih dejavnosti in za razvoj s tem povezanih prostorskih orodij.«
Keywords: morje, obalno morje, onesnaževanje morja, plankton, hranilne snovi, ekološki parametri, onesnažila, onesnaževalci, biocenoze, okvirna direktiva o morski strategiji, poročila, onesnaženost, kvaliteta okolja, morska strategija, deskriptorji
Published in DiRROS: 16.09.2024; Views: 675; Downloads: 590
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Abstract: Without understanding something it is impossible to effectively manage it. In terms of biodiversity and environmental conservation, data and information on species or habitat extent or range, populations, trends over time, and the pressures and threats to these are essential to such understanding and management. Decision makers are wholly reliant on accessing or being presented with this data and information, and using their knowledge and experience to make reasoned, rational, and objective choices. Whilst various gaps remain, great quantities of data and information are available, covering many facets of life and our environment. Yet many challenges and barriers exist that prevent the effective flow of this data from those that collect and manage it, to those that need to call upon it to inform decision-making processes. These can be as simple as a lack of communication or understanding of where to find or submit the data, to format issues whereby the necessary infrastructure isn’t in place or suitable to support the system, or more complex issues including data gaps, or scepticism in the data itself, leading to its lack of use. The importance of data is recognised in various global conventions and European processes (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Biodiversity Targets, and the EU Biodiversity Strategy), acknowledging its role in developing our understanding of, and ability to monitor, manage, and ultimately halt, biodiversity loss. Despite the multitude of data and information that exist, and the political and legislative measures in place, biodiversity continues to be threatened and is in various stages of decline. Many conservation and sustainability targets and goals are not on track to be achieved. The inefficient flow of data to inform decision-making processes contributes to this situation, by creating uncertainty about situations on the ground and the ability to track progress. The Interreg Europe project ‘From biodiversity data to decisions: enhancing natural value through improved regional development policies’ – BID-REX – aims to bridge the gap between biodiversity data and decision-making, linking the two to create improved regional development policies for the preservation of nature. By demonstrating how the use of available, evidence-based biodiversity data can guide, benefit, and improve decision-making processes, BID-REX also seeks to promote budget prioritisation for conservation efforts in funding allocations.
Published in DiRROS: 05.09.2024; Views: 107; Downloads: 102
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Abstract: In uneven-aged forests, trees of different diameters, heights, and ages are located in a small area, which is due to the felling of individual trees or groups of trees, as well as small-scale natural disturbances. In this article, we present an objective method for classifying forest stands into even- and uneven-aged stands based on freely available low-resolution (with an average recording density of 5 points/m2) national lidar data. The canopy closure, dominant height, and canopy height diversity from the canopy height model and the voxels derived from lidar data were used to classify the forest stands. Both approaches for determining forest structural diversity (canopy height diversity—CHDCHM and CHDV) yielded similar results, namely two clusters of even- and uneven-aged stands, although the differences in vertical diversity between even- and uneven-aged stands were greater when using CHM. The first analysis, using CHM for the CHD assessment, estimated the uneven-aged forest area as 49.3%, whereas the second analysis using voxels estimated it as 34.3%. We concluded that in areas with low laser scanner density, CHM analysis is a more appropriate method for assessing forest stand height heterogeneity. The advantage of detecting uneven-aged structures with voxels is that we were able to detect shade-tolerant species of varying age classes beneath a dense canopy of mature, dominant trees. The CHDCHM values were estimated to be 1.83 and 1.86 for uneven-aged forests, whereas they were 1.57 and 1.58 for mature even-aged forests. The CHDV values were estimated as 1.50 and 1.62 for uneven-aged forests, while they were 1.33 and 1.48 for mature even-aged forests. The classification of stands based on lidar data was validated with data from measurements on permanent sample plots. Statistically significantly lower average values of the homogeneity index and higher values of the Shannon–Wiener index from field measurements confirm the success of the classification of stands based on lidar data as uneven-aged forests.
Keywords: uneven-aged forest, lidar data, canopy height model, voxels, canopy height diversity
Published in DiRROS: 13.08.2024; Views: 185; Downloads: 603
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Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 231; Downloads: 164
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Abstract: Endothelial tip cells are leading cells at the tips of vascular sprouts coordinating multiple processes during angiogenesis. In the developing retina, tip cells play a tightly controlled, timely role in angiogenesis. In contrast, excessive numbers of tip cells are a characteristic of the chaotic pathological blood vessels in proliferative retinopathies. Tip cells control adjacent endothelial cells in a hierarchical manner to form the stalk of the sprouting vessel, using, among others, the VEGF-DLL-Notch signaling pathway, and recruit pericytes. Tip cells are guided toward avascular areas by signals from the local extracellular matrix that are released by cells from the neuroretina such as astrocytes. Recently, tip cells were identified in endothelial cell cultures, enabling identification of novel molecular markers and mechanisms involved in tip cell biology. These mechanisms are relevant for understanding proliferative retinopathies. Agents that primarily target tip cells can block pathological angiogenesis in the retina efficiently and safely without adverse effects. A striking example is platelet-derived growth factor, which was recently shown to be an efficacious additional target in the treatment of retinal neovascularization. Here we discuss these and other tip cell-based strategies with respect to their potential to treat patients with ocular diseases dominated by neovascularization.
Keywords: angiogenesis, endothelial tip cell, proliferative retinopathy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, retinal neovascularization, vascular sprouts, endothelial stalk cell, molecular mediators of angiogenesis, pericytes
Published in DiRROS: 02.08.2024; Views: 221; Downloads: 135
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