61. Fertilisation with potato starch wastewater effect on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in PolandNella Waszak, Filipe Campelo, Iain Robertson, Radosław Puchałka, Fatima-Zahraa El Balghiti, Jožica Gričar, Ali Boularbah, M. Koprowski, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Fertilisation is often used to increase plant productivity in agriculture but has also been used in forestry. In our study, Scots pine forest growing in a nitrogen-poor environment was fertilised with NPK post-production wastewater from a potato starch factory. Our research aimed to investigate the dependence of tree growth on different NPK concentrations. Cell characteristics such as cell wall thickness (CWT), lumen diameter (LD) and tree-ring features such as ring width (RW), total number of cells in annual growth (nTotal), earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) were investigated. Twenty-six years of regular fertilisation of the forest with different doses of wastewater rich in NPK elements have affected the anatomical structure of Scots pine trees. It is presumed that the reduction in CWT and LD on the fertilised site was due to deficiencies in plant water conductivity, which may have occurred due to physiological drought. The influence of nitrogen on unfertilised site from the wastewater area could contribute to the CWT thickening. The results confirm that the use of NPK in excessive doses is detrimental to trees' conductive system.
Keywords: wastewater effluents, forest fertilisation, cell measurements, tree-ring width, wood anatomy
Published in DiRROS: 03.01.2024; Views: 212; Downloads: 107
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62. Low but significant evolutionary potential for growth, phenology and reproduction traits in European beechMarjana Westergren, Juliette Archambeau, Marko Bajc, Rok Damjanić, Adélaïde Theraroz, Hojka Kraigher, Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio, Santiago C. González-Martínez, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Local survival of forest tree populations under climate change depends on existing genetic variation and their adaptability to changing environments. Responses to selection were studied in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) under field conditions. A total of 1087 adult trees, seeds, 1-year-old seedlings and established multiyear saplings were genotyped with 16 nuSSRs. Adult trees were assessed for phenotypic traits related to growth, phenology and reproduction. Parentage and paternity analyses were used to estimate effective female and male fecundity as a proxy of fitness and showed that few parents contributed to successful regeneration. Selection gradients were estimated from the relationship between traits and fecundity, while heritability and evolvability were estimated using mixed models and the breeder's equation. Larger trees bearing more fruit and early male flowering had higher total fecundity, while trees with longer growth season had lower total fecundity (directional selection). Stabilizing selection on spring phenology was found for female fecundity, highlighting the role of late frosts as a selection driver. Selection gradients for other traits varied between measurement years and the offspring cohort used to estimate parental fecundity. Compared to other studies in natural populations, we found low to moderate heritability and evolvability for most traits. Response to selection was higher for growth than for budburst, leaf senescence or reproduction traits, reflecting more consistent selection gradients across years and sex functions, and higher phenotypic variability in the population. Our study provides empirical evidence suggesting that populations of long-lived organisms such as forest trees can adapt locally, even at short-time scales.
Keywords: climate change, Fagus sylvatica, heritability, in situ adaptation, response to selection, selection gradients
Published in DiRROS: 12.12.2023; Views: 197; Downloads: 94
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63. Between but not within-species variation in the distribution of fitness effectsJennifer James, Chedly Kastallya, Katharina Budde, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Pascal Milesi, Tanja Pyhäjärvi, Martin Lascoux, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is, therefore, of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, that is whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterized the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence, and genetic background. We find statistical support for the presence of variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and those evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact.
Keywords: DFE, deleterious mutations, population structure, forest trees
Published in DiRROS: 12.12.2023; Views: 235; Downloads: 102
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64. Preverjanje verjetnostne napovedi sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov v Sloveniji v 2023Nikica Ogris, Maarten De Groot, 2023, short scientific article Abstract: Preverili smo zanesljivost verjetnostne napovedi sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov v Sloveniji v 2023. Verjetnostni model za napoved sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov je potrdil visoko zanesljivost (AUC modela = 0,89, AUC napovedi = 0,84). Ugotovili smo optimalni prag za verjetnost sanitarnega poseka, ki ga bomo lahko uporabili pri naslednjih napovedih za bolj jasno določitev območij, kjer se bodo potencialno pojavila žarišča smrekovih podlubnikov. Napoved za leto 2023 smo naredili s pragom 0,30, ki pa se je izkazal za prenizkega, saj je bila kar tretjina modelskih celic lažno pozitivnih. Optimalen prag za verjetnostni model v letu 2023 je bil 0,40. Povprečen optimalen prag v obdobju 2020–2023 je bil 0,45, ki ga predlagamo za izdelavo verjetnostne napovedi v naslednjem letu.
Keywords: gozdovi, varstvo gozdov, navadna smreka, Picea abies, sanitarni posek, napoved, ogroženost, model, validacija, zmogljivost, zanesljivost, točnost, natančnost, AUC, občutljivost, specifičnost
Published in DiRROS: 11.12.2023; Views: 246; Downloads: 100
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65. Usposabljanje BTSF: Izbruhi škodljivih organizmov – načrti izrednih ukrepov za prednostne škodljive organizme, Bratislava, oktober 2023Simon Zidar, Eva Groznik, 2023, popular article Keywords: gozdovi, Varstvo gozdov, zdravje rastlin, načrt izrednih ukrepov, simulacijska vaja, prednostni škodljiv organizem, BTSF
Published in DiRROS: 11.12.2023; Views: 267; Downloads: 100
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66. Using the IUCN environmental impact classification for alien taxa to inform decision-makingSabrina Kumschick, Sandro Bertolino, Tim M. Blackburn, Giuseppe Brundu, Katie E. Costello, Maarten De Groot, Thomas Evans, Belinda Gallardo, Piero Genovesi, Tanushri Govender, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: The Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) is an important tool for biological invasion policy and management and has been adopted as an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) standard to measure the severity of environmental impacts caused by organisms living outside their native ranges. EICAT has already been incorporated into some national and local decision-making procedures, making it a particularly relevant resource for addressing the impact of non-native species. Recently, some of the underlying conceptual principles of EICAT, particularly those related to the use of the precautionary approach, have been challenged. Although still relatively new, guidelines for the application and interpretation of EICAT will be periodically revisited by the IUCN community, based on scientific evidence, to improve the process. Some of the criticisms recently raised are based on subjectively selected assumptions that cannot be generalized and may harm global efforts to manage biological invasions. EICAT adopts a precautionary principle by considering a species’ impact history elsewhere because some taxa have traits that can make them inherently more harmful. Furthermore, non-native species are often important drivers of biodiversity loss even in the presence of other pressures. Ignoring the precautionary principle when tackling the impacts of non-native species has led to devastating consequences for human well-being, biodiversity, and ecosystems, as well as poor management outcomes, and thus to significant economic costs. EICAT is a relevant tool because it supports prioritization and management of non-native species and meeting and monitoring progress toward the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) Target 6.
Keywords: biological invasions, evidence synthesis, impact assessment, managing invasive species, precautionary principle
Published in DiRROS: 11.12.2023; Views: 265; Downloads: 145
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67. Uncovering the latent preferences of Slovenia’s private forest owners in the context of enhancing forest Ecosystem Services through a Hypothetical SchemeKaja Plevnik, Anže Japelj, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Background and objectives: Successful policy implementation relies on understanding stakeholders’ willingness to contribute to policy goals. The EU Green Deal, with strategies on forests, biodiversity, and the bioeconomy, also depends on the performance of the forestry sector, including a significant portion of privately owned forests. Materials and methods: We conducted a nationwide survey among a sample of 341 private forest owners in Slovenia (total population of 424,086). The online questionnaire had three sections: (1) knowledge and priorities regarding ecosystem services and the bioeconomy, (2) a discrete choice experiment for eliciting preferences concerning the implementation of activities supporting strategic goals originating from EU Green Deal policies, and (3) socio-economic data and future forest management objectives. Results: The results indicated heterogeneity in preferences for performing activities on private forest lands to enhance specific forest ES that contribute to policy goals. More than half of the respondents (57.6%) exhibited a reluctance to implement activities and were skeptical of higher compensation payments, whereas the rest expressed an inclination towards changing their forest management. Conclusions: Slovenia’s private forest owners appear to be heterogeneous in their willingness to participate in a hypothetical ES enhancement scheme that could contribute to some EU Green Deal goals. Policymakers must recognize intrinsic motives and social norms that affect the willingness of forest owners to be engaged to increase the acceptance of solutions.
Keywords: European Green Deal policies, discrete choice experiment, private forest owners, payment-related enhancement scheme
Published in DiRROS: 05.12.2023; Views: 234; Downloads: 133
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68. Predlogi za kartiranje izbranih skupin gozdnih funkcij in njihovo podporo z izbranimi gozdnogospodarskimi ukrepiJanez Pirnat, 2023, review article Abstract: Za skupine ekoloških in socialnih funkcij gozdov smo kritično ocenili, kako posamezne funkcije na 1. stopnji poudarjenosti določajo način gospodarjenja. Za vse navedene funkcije smo pregledali slovensko znanstveno literaturo s področja gojenja gozdov, prirastoslovja, naravovarstva ter vire iz zakonodaje, ki vplivajo na funkcije gozdov, potem pa pripravili svoj predlog, kako ocenjevati funkcije v prihodnje. Predlagamo posodobljen sistem ocenjevanja in kartiranja poudarjenih funkcij gozdov in poudarjeno sonaravno gospodarjenje v teh gozdovih.
Keywords: funkcije gozdov, gojitveni ukrepi, kartiranje funkcij, stopnje poudarjenosti
Published in DiRROS: 30.11.2023; Views: 594; Downloads: 145
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69. Zagotavljanje migracijskih koridorjev za prostoživeče živali na območju železniške infrastruktureSamar Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, Klemen Kotnik, 2023, review article Abstract: Železniški transport je okoljsko in ekonomsko sprejemljivejši od drugih vrst kopenskega transporta, vendar lahko negativno vpliva na prostoživeče živali, saj pomeni oviro za njihovo gibanje (barierni učinek) ter neposredno povečuje umrljivost zaradi trkov z vlaki. Zaradi tovrstnih vplivov je smiselno načrtovati in implementirati omilitvene ukrepe, ki zagotavljajo ekološko povezljivost in zmanjšujejo umrljivost prostoživečih živali na območju železniške infrastrukture. Ukrepi morajo biti usmerjeni predvsem k preprečevanju vstopanja in zadrževanja živali na območju železniških tirov, saj se vlaki praviloma ne morejo izogniti trku. Še posebej primerni so omilitveni ukrepi, ki zmanjšujejo število trkov in ne povečujejo bariernega učinka. V preglednem članku smo se osredotočili na ukrepe, ki so bili obravnavani oz. implementirani na območju železniške infrastrukture in na novejše raziskave, v okviru katerih so preverjali možnost uporabe alternativnih omilitvenih ukrepov, npr. opozorilnih sistemov, testiranih v Kanadi in na Švedskem. V drugem delu prispevka predstavljamo predlog protokola za zagotovitev migracijskih koridorjev na območju železnice, ki smo ga oblikovali na podlagi relevantne tuje literature in lastnih izkušenj, pridobljenih z načrtovanjem in spremljanjem ukrepov za zmanjšanje povoza prostoživečih živali (s poudarkom na parkljarjih) na cestah, hitrih cestah ter avtocestah in z analizo povozov na območju slovenske železniške infrastrukture v izbranem petletnem obdobju.
Keywords: migracijski koridorji, železniška infrastruktura, barierni učinek, protokol, omilitveni ukrepi, trki prostoživečih živali z vlaki
Published in DiRROS: 30.11.2023; Views: 512; Downloads: 151
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70. Are Slovenia’s forests deviating from sustainable development?Gal Kušar, Marko Kovač, 2023, original scientific article Abstract: Prispevek nas seznanja z osnovnimi informacijami o trajnostnem razvoju slovenskih gozdov med letoma 2000 in 2018. Stanje in razvoj slovenskih gozdov z vidika trajnosti smo preverili z nizom spremenljivk in kazalnikov trajnostnega gospodarjenja z gozdovi: površina gozdov, temeljnica, lesna zaloga, indeks sestojne gostote, starostna struktura/porazdelitev prsnih premerov, ravnotežje razvojnih faz, optimalna lesna zaloga, prirastek, posek, različnost drevesnih vrst, mešanost sestojev, pomlajevanje, naravnost in odmrla drevnina. Ocenili smo tudi ustreznosti sistematične mreže 4 x 4 km, ki se je uporabljala za velikoprostorsko inventarizacijo. Vse vzorčne ocene so bile izračunane za raven države, ekoregije in za gozdnogospodarska območja. Leta 2018 je gozdnatost dosegala 60 % in je bila višja kot l. 2012. Nasprotno se je lesna zaloga zmanjšala in je bila ocenjena na 329,6 m3 /ha. Površinski delež mlajših gozdov je znašal 29 %, starejših (sečno zrelih) 68 %, raznodobnih pa 3 %. Med drevesnimi vrstami je največji delež pripadal bukvi in smreki. Deleži drugih vrst niso presegli 10 %, posebej zaskrbljujoča je bila njihova vrast. Na osnovi primerjav z zaželenimi vrednostmi in vrednostmi kazalnikov v gozdovih držav članic procesa Forest Europe in nekaterimi izbranimi državami, je mogoče skleniti, da se razvoj slovenskih gozdov odmika od trajnostnega razvoja. Glede na razpoložljive podatke l. 2018 je tudi mogoče zaključiti, da velikoprostorska inventura MGGE l. 2018 s podatki ne zapolni vseh kazalnikov trajnostnega gospodarjenja z gozdovi.
Keywords: trajnostno gospodarjenje z gozdovi, kazalniki, časovna analiza, Slovenija
Published in DiRROS: 30.11.2023; Views: 664; Downloads: 226
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