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Abstract: Direct-co-direct product $G\circledast H$ of graphs $G$ and $H$ is a graph on the vertex set $V(G)\times V(H)$. Two vertices $(g,h)$ and $(g',h')$ are adjacent if $gg'\in E(G)$ and $hh'\in E(H)$ or $gg'\notin E(G)$ and $hh'\notin E(H)$. We show that if at most one factor of $G\circledast H$ is connected, then the distance between two vertices of $G\circledast H$ is bounded by three unless some small number of exceptions. All the exceptions are completely described which yields the distance formula.
Keywords: direct-co-direct product, distance, eccentricity, disconnected graphs
Published in DiRROS: 19.03.2024; Views: 97; Downloads: 54
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Abstract: Due to their comparable fire characteristics and surface preparation, light-frame timber panels using cement-particle boards (CPB) as a sheathing material present a potential alternative to gypsum-fibre boards. An experimental campaign was conducted to evaluate the behaviour of CPB light-frame-timber panels under in-plane lateral loading. Monotonic and cyclic in-plane shear tests were conducted on full-size panels, following preceding tests on the stapled sheathing-to-timber connections used in the panels. The influence of the boards’ thickness and staple geometry on the response of connections and panels was studied, also on panels with an asymmetrical CPB layout, which proved not to have a negative influence on the panels’ lateral load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, in order to improve the seismic response, panels, which had almost twice the number of staples compared to the basic panel, were tested; one variation with two rows of staples, and the other with the staples spaced closer together, such that the spacing distance was halved. The tests revealed a significant, though not proportional, increase in lateral resistance in the strengthened panels. Fastening the CPB with two rows of staples proved the better option, since subsequent failure of the CPB along the connections, as opposed to ductile failure of the staples in the basic panels, proved not to reduce the panels’ deformation capacity. The paper also compares the test results of the connections and panels to analytical results according to Eurocode 5 (EC5), the European code provision for the design of timber structures.
Keywords: light-frame timber panels, cement-particle board sheathing, cyclic shear tests, sheathing-to-timber connection, asymmetrical panel, staple spacing distance, EN 1995–1-1, open access
Published in DiRROS: 31.05.2023; Views: 414; Downloads: 198
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Abstract: esearch Highlights: Data of advanced-age provenance tests were reanalyzed applying a new approach, to directly estimate the growth of populations at their original sites under individually generated future climates. The results revealed the high resilience potential of fir species. Background and Objectives: The growth and survival of silver fir under future climatic scenarios are insufficiently investigated at the xeric limits. The selective signature of past climate determining the current and projected growth was investigated to analyze the prospects of adaptive silviculture and assisted transfer of silver fir populations, and the introduction of non-autochthonous species. Materials and Methods: Hargreaves% climatic moisture deficit was selected to model height responses of adult populations. Climatic transfer distance was used to assess the relative drought stress of populations at the test site, relating these to the past conditions to which the populations had adapted. ClimateEU and ClimateWNA pathway RCP8.5 data served to determine individually past, current, and future moisture deficit conditions. Besides silver fir, other fir species from South Europe and the American Northwest were also tested. Results: Drought tolerance profiles explained the responses of transferred provenances and predicted their future performance and survival. Silver fir displayed significant within-species differentiation regarding drought stress response. Applying the assumed drought tolerance limit of 100 mm relative moisture deficit, most of the tested silver fir populations seem to survive their projected climate at their origin until the end of the century. Survival is likely also for transferred Balkan fir species and for grand fir populations, but not for the Mediterranean species. Conclusions: The projections are less dramatic than provided by usual inventory assessments, considering also the resilience of populations. The method fills the existing gap between experimentally determined adaptive response and the predictions needed for management decisions. It also underscores the unique potential of provenance tests.
Keywords: climate change, common garden, provenance test, silver fir, grand fir, Balkan firs, drought stress, resilience, climate transfer distance, adaptation
Published in DiRROS: 05.07.2021; Views: 950; Downloads: 597
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