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Povzetek: In July 2021, during an official survey for Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a sample composed of leaves and fruit was taken from three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Factor F1) plants growing in a greenhouse producing fresh tomatoes in central Slovenia. The sampled plants were slightly dwarfed and showed deformations such as leaf curling, narrowing and small leaves (Figure 1), while no virus symptoms were observed on the fruit.
Ključne besede: detection, identification, plant virus disease
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 148; Prenosov: 89
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Povzetek: Face coverings, such as surgical masks and respirators, have an important role in preventing bacterial and viral transmission, especially during a global pandemic like COVID-19. Therefore, to secure their availability, new manufacturers and the use of novel materials must be encouraged. However, masks and their materials must first be properly tested for safety and efficiency, as required by the relevant standard, valid in a specific region. All standards prescribe determination of the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of masks. In this study, we report the establishment of a test method for the BFE of face masks in accordance with European standard EN 14683:2019, by which we tested 52 samples, each composed of 3 to 5 subsamples, of surgical and cloth masks, respirators, filters, and mask materials. Forty-seven out of the 52 samples reached a BFE above 75 %. Of these, 16 samples had a BFE of 75 % to 95 %, 3 had a BFE of 95 % to 98 %, while 28 reached a filtration efficiency above 98 %. Our findings show that all tested samples provided some level of protection, most of which met the requirements for the national or European market.
Ključne besede: bacterial filtration efficiency, face coverings, masks, respirators, Andersen Cascade Impactor, EN 14683:2019
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 115; Prenosov: 87
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Povzetek: Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of a respiratory infection known as whooping cough. With the goal of improving the production of outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs), we studied here the mechanisms that are involved in maintaining lipid asymmetry in the outer membrane of this organism. We identified homologues of the phospholipid (PL)-transport systems Mla and Pqi and of outer-membrane phospholipase A (OMPLA). Inactivation of mlaF, encoding the ATPase of the Mla system, together with pldA, which encodes OMPLA, resulted in an accumulation of PLs at the cell surface as demonstrated by the binding of a phosphatidylethanolamine-specific fluorescent probe to intact cells of this strain. The corresponding single mutations did hardly or not affect binding of the probe. These results are consistent with a retrograde transport directionality of the Mla system in B. pertussis and indicate that PLs accumulating at the cell surface in the mlaF mutant are degraded by OMPLA. Consequently, the mlaF mutant showed a conditional growth defect due to the production of free fatty acids by OMPLA, which could be compensated by inactivation of OMPLA or by sequestration of the produced fatty acids with starch. The mlaF pldA double mutant showed markedly increased OMV production, and representative antigens were detected in these OMVs as in wild-type OMVs. Further phenotypic characterization showed that the barrier function of the outer membrane of the mlaF pldA mutant was compromised as manifested by increased susceptibility to SDS and to several antibiotics. Moreover, inactivation of mlaF alone or together with pldA resulted in increased biofilm formation, which was, however, not directly related to increased vesiculation as the addition of purified OMVs to the wild-type strain decreased biofilm formation. We conclude that the absence of MlaF together with OMPLA results in PL accumulation in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, and the increased vesiculation of the mutant could be useful in the development of novel, OMV-based pertussis vaccines.
Ključne besede: Bordetella pertussis, phospholipid transport, outer-membrane vesicles, Mla system, Outer-membrane phospholipase A, biofilms
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 99; Prenosov: 57
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Povzetek: The present study discusses and reports on 29 spider species new to Slovenian fauna, specifically: Larinioides patagiatus, Cyrtarachne ixoides, Pritha nana, Marinarozelotes adriaticus, Micaria micans, Scotophaeus blackwalli, Zelotes similis, Agyneta orites, Donacochara speciosa, Lasiargus hirsutus, Trichoncus sordidus, Walckenaeria vigilax, Alopecosa taeniata, Pardosa oreophila, Pardosa sordidata, Pardosa paludicola, Pardosa sphagnicola, Xerolycosa miniata, Mimetus laevigatus, Philodromus laricium, Philodromus vagulus, Attulus rupicola, Marpissa radiata, Micrommata ligurina, Euryopis quinqueguttata, Parasteatoda tabulata, Phoroncidia paradoxa, Rhomphaea rostrata, and Robertus mediterraneus.
Ključne besede: Araneae, new records, spiders, Slovenia, endemics, Neozoa, Southern Alps
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 82; Prenosov: 57
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Povzetek: The global increase in biological invasions is placing growing pressure on the management of ecological and economic systems. However, the effectiveness of current management expenditure is difficult to assess due to a lack of standardised measurement across spatial, taxonomic and temporal scales. Furthermore, there is no quantification of the spending difference between pre-invasion (e.g. prevention) and post-invasion (e.g. control) stages, although preventative measures are considered to be the most cost-effective. Here, we use a comprehensive database of invasive alien species economic costs (InvaCost) to synthesise and model the global management costs of biological invasions, in order to provide a better understanding of the stage at which these expenditures occur. Since 1960, reported management expenditures have totalled at least US$95.3 billion (in 2017 values), considering only highly reliable and actually observed costs — 12-times less than damage costs from invasions ($1130.6 billion). Pre-invasion management spending ($2.8 billion) was over 25-times lower than post-invasion expenditure ($72.7 billion). Management costs were heavily geographically skewed towards North America (54%) and Oceania (30%). The largest shares of expenditures were directed towards invasive alien invertebrates in terrestrial environments. Spending on invasive alien species management has grown by two orders of magnitude since 1960, reaching an estimated $4.2 billion per year globally (in 2017 values) in the 2010s, but remains 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than damages. National management spending increased with incurred damage costs, with management actions delayed on average by 11 years globally following damage reporting. These management delays on the global level have caused an additional invasion cost of approximately $1.2 trillion, compared to scenarios with immediate management. Our results indicate insufficient management — particularly pre-invasion — and urge better investment to prevent future invasions and to control established alien species. Recommendations to improve reported management cost comprehensiveness, resolution and terminology are also made.
Ključne besede: biosecurity, delayed control and eradication, global trendsInva, costInvasive alien species, socio-economic impacts
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 106; Prenosov: 52
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