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Abstract: Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and development in response to the ever-changing environment. To this end, they have to coordinate with other signaling components, such as reactive oxygen species and calcium signals. On the one hand, the two endosymbiotic organelles, plastids and mitochondria, control various aspects of phytohormone signaling and harbor important steps of hormone precursor biosynthesis. On the other hand, phytohormones have feedback actions on organellar functions. In addition, organelles and phytohormones often act in parallel in a coordinated matter to regulate cellular functions. Therefore, linking organelle functions with increasing knowledge of phytohormone biosynthesis, perception, and signaling will reveal new aspects of plant stress tolerance. In this review, we highlight recent work on organelle–phytohormone interactions focusing on the major stress-related hormones abscisic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and ethylene.
Keywords: abscisic acid (ABA), chloroplast, ethylene, mitochondria, jasmonates, plant organelles, phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA), plastids, stress signaling, retrograde signaling
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 266; Downloads: 219
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Abstract: The use of renewable plant biomass, lignocellulose, to produce biofuels and biochemicals using microbial cell factories plays a fundamental role in the future bioeconomy. The development of cell factories capable of efficiently fermenting complex biomass streams will improve the cost-effectiveness of microbial conversion processes. At present, inhibitory compounds found in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass substantially influence the performance of a cell factory and the economic feasibility of lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals. Here, we present and statistically analyze data on Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants engineered for altered tolerance towards the most common inhibitors found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates: acetic acid, formic acid, furans, and phenolic compounds. We collected data from 7971 experiments including single overexpression or deletion of 3955 unique genes. The mutants included in the analysis had been shown to display increased or decreased tolerance to individual inhibitors or combinations of inhibitors found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Moreover, the data included mutants grown on synthetic hydrolysates, in which inhibitors were added at concentrations that mimicked those of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Genetic engineering aimed at improving inhibitor or hydrolysate tolerance was shown to alter the specific growth rate or length of the lag phase, cell viability, and vitality, block fermentation, and decrease product yield. Different aspects of strain engineering aimed at improving hydrolysate tolerance, such as choice of strain and experimental set-up are discussed and put in relation to their biological relevance. While successful genetic engineering is often strain and condition dependent, we highlight the conserved role of regulators, transporters, and detoxifying enzymes in inhibitor tolerance. The compiled meta-analysis can guide future engineering attempts and aid the development of more efficient cell factories for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass.
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 293; Downloads: 255
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Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea is a prominent climate-change hot spot, with many socioeconomically vital coastal areas being the most vulnerable targets for maritime safety, diverse met-ocean hazards and marine pollution. Providing an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution at wide coastal areas, high-frequency radars (HFRs) have been steadily gaining recognition as an effective land-based remote sensing technology for continuous monitoring of the surface circulation, increasingly waves and occasionally winds. HFR measurements have boosted the thorough scientific knowledge of coastal processes, also fostering a broad range of applications, which has promoted their integration in coastal ocean observing systems worldwide, with more than half of the European sites located in the Mediterranean coastal areas. In this work, we present a review of existing HFR data multidisciplinary science-based applications in the Mediterranean Sea, primarily focused on meeting end-user and science-driven requirements, addressing regional challenges in three main topics: (i) maritime safety, (ii) extreme hazards and (iii) environmental transport process. Additionally, the HFR observing and monitoring regional capabilities in the Mediterranean coastal areas required to underpin the underlying science and the further development of applications are also analyzed. The outcome of this assessment has allowed us to provide a set of recommendations for future improvement prospects to maximize the contribution to extending science-based HFR products into societally relevant downstream services to support blue growth in the Mediterranean coastal areas, helping to meet the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the EU's Green Deal goals.
Keywords: coastal monitoring, Mediterranean Sea, multi-platform observing systems, oceanography
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 292; Downloads: 225
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Abstract: One of the earliest hallmarks of plant immune response is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different subcellular compartments, which regulate plant immunity. A suitable equilibrium, which is crucial to prevent ROS overaccumulation leading to oxidative stress, is maintained by salicylic acid (SA), a chief regulator of ROS. However, ROS not only act downstream of SA signaling, but are also proposed to be a central component of a self-amplifying loop that regulates SA signaling as well as the interaction balance between different phytohormones. The exact role of this crosstalk, the position where SA interferes with ROS signaling and ROS interferes with SA signaling and the outcome of this regulation, depend on the origin of ROS but also on the pathosystem. The precise spatiotemporal regulation of organelle-specific ROS and SA levels determine the effectiveness of pathogen arrest and is therefore crucial for a successful immune response. However, the regulatory interplay behind still remains poorly understood, as up until now, the role of organelle-specific ROS and SA in hypersensitive response (HR)-conferred resistance has mostly been studied by altering the level of a single component. In order to address these aspects, a sophisticated combination of research methods for monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of key players and transcriptional activity in plants is needed and will most probably consist of biosensors and precision transcriptomics.
Keywords: plant immune response, reactive oxygen species, ROS, salicylic acid, programmed cell death, biotic stress, biotechnology
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 254; Downloads: 142
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Abstract: Environmental pollution has become one of the most urgent global issues that we have to face now. Searching new technologies to solve environmental issues is of great significance. By intimately coupling photocatalytic materials with microbes, the emerging photocatalytic material–microbe hybrid (PMH) system takes advantages of the high-efficiency, broad-spectrum light capture capability of the photocatalytic material and the selectivity of microbial enzymatic catalysis to efficiently convert solar energy into chemical energy. The PMH system is originally applied for the solar-to-chemical production. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that this system also has great potential in treating environmental contaminations. The photogenerated electrons produced by the PMH system can reductively decompose organic pollutants with oxidative nature (e.g., refractory azo dyes) under anaerobic circumstances. Moreover, based on the redox reactions occurring on the surface of photocatalysts and the enzymatic reactions in microbes, the PMH system can convert the valences of multiple heavy metal ions into less toxic or even nontoxic status simultaneously. In this review, we introduce the recent advances of using the PMH system in treating environmental pollutions and compare this system with another similar system, the traditional intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) system. Finally, the current challenges and future directions in this field are discussed as well.
Keywords: nanoparticles, molibden, molecular toxicology, environmental remediation
Published in DiRROS: 05.08.2024; Views: 244; Downloads: 232
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