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Abstract: Purpose:The main aim of this study was to examine and analyse the body composi-tion of young soccer players across different age groups.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 126 young soccer players divided into age categories: U15 – 53 players (age=14.68±0.47); U17 – 51 players (age=16.47±0.50); U19 – 22 players (age=18.05±0.38). The subjects’ height was mea-sured using an anthropometer, while their body composition was measured using the TANITA BC-420MA digital scale. Results: On average, soccer players in the U15 group had significantly lower body height, weight, body mass index and fat free mass than U17 and U19 players, but had a higher percentage of body fat (p < 0.05). In addition to the percent of body fat mass, which tends to significantly decrease with age, the results also demonstrate significant non-linear increases in body height, weight, and lean body composition concurrent with the players’ ages.Conclusion:These results indicate that younger soccer players have lower abso-lute values of morphological characteristics compared to senior players.
Keywords: BMI, anthropometry, fitness, body fat, soccer
Published in DiRROS: 15.04.2024; Views: 209; Downloads: 128
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Keywords: sport, psychology of sport, eating disorders, alcohol use
Published in DiRROS: 15.04.2024; Views: 188; Downloads: 79
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Abstract: Experimental tests of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) under in-plane beam loading conditions are presented. The influence of the element layup, the individual lamination width, and the beam overhang at the supports on the shear force capacity was investigated. All the CLT beams had the same gross cross section, and a 4-point-bending test setup was used. The experimentally determined load-bearing capacities are compared with the load-bearing capacities resulting from analytical methods proposed for structural design, focusing on shear failure in the crossing areas of flatwise bonded laminations (shear failure mode III). The test results indicate no or very small influence of the element layup and the lamination width on the shear force capacity. These results partly contradict the predictions of the proposed design methods. Of the three studied beam geometry parameters, the beam overhang at the support had the greatest influence on the load-bearing capacity.
Keywords: cross laminated timber, CLT, beam, shear testing, shear capacity, design methods
Published in DiRROS: 15.04.2024; Views: 260; Downloads: 120
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Abstract: The main characteristics of the cooling phase of post-flashover compartment fires are studied using a simplified first-principles heat transfer approach to establish key limitations of more traditional methodologies (e.g., Eurocode). To this purpose, the boundary conditions during cooling are analysed. To illustrate the importance of a first-principles approach, a detailed review of the literature is presented followed by the presentation of a simplified numerical model. The model is constructed to calculate first-order thermal conditions during the cooling phase. The model is not intended to provide a precise calculation method but rather baseline estimates that incorporate all key thermal inputs and outputs. First, the thermal boundary conditions in the heating phase are approximated with a single (gas) temperature and the Eurocode parametric fire curves, to provide a consistent initial condition for the cooling phase and to be able to compare the traditional approach to the first- principles approach. After fuel burnout, the compartment gases become optically thin and temperatures decay to ambient values, while the compartment solid elements slowly cool down. For simplicity, convective cooling of the compartment linings is estimated using a constant convective heat transfer coefficient and all linings surfaces are assumed to have the same temperature (no net radiative heat exchange). All structural elements are assumed to be thermally thick. While these simplifications introduce quantitative errors, they enable an analytical solution for transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid that captures all key heat transfer processes. Comparisons between the results obtained using both approaches highlight how, even when considering the same fire energy input, the thermal boundary conditions according to the Eurocode parametric fire curves lead to an increase energy accumulated in the solid after fuel burnout and a delay in the onset of cooling. This is not physically correct, and it may lead to misrepresentation of the impact of post-flashover fires on structural behaviour.
Keywords: cooling phase, fire decay, fire dynamics, compartment fires, structural fire engineering, fire safety
Published in DiRROS: 15.04.2024; Views: 235; Downloads: 116
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Abstract: A reliable determination of the embedment strength and foundation modulus of timber elements is critical for the design and safety assessment of joints in timber structures. However, the existence of various test configurations for characterising the embedding properties of large diameter steel fasteners in timber elements poses challenges in directly comparing and utilising available test data. This paper aims to provide an insight into the influence of embedment property test methods, comparing experimental results from different test setups within the guidelines of the EN 383 and ASTM D 5764-97a standards for European softwood species, Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). In addition to the test guidelines, the thickness of the specimen and the application of the load was evaluated within the protocols. A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to identify statistically significant differences between the groups evaluated. The results of the analysis revealed disagreement between the standards in the evaluation of the strength of the embedding, highlighting the potential bias inserted by the experimental setup and protocol. Furthermore, it was proven that the thickness of the specimens influences both the embedding strength and the foundation modulus of the wood species tested. Finally, no distinctions were observed between tensile and compressive loading within the guidelines of the EN 383 standard.
Keywords: embedment strength, foundation modulus, dowel-type connections, test methods
Published in DiRROS: 15.04.2024; Views: 190; Downloads: 94
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