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1.
Hazard characterization of the mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health
Anne-Cathrin Behr, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Amaya Azqueta, Ana P. M. Tavares, Anastasia Spyropoulou, Anita Solhaug, Ann-Karin Olsen, Ariane Vettorazzi, Bojana Žegura, Matjaž Novak, 2025, pregledni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: Enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are cyclic hexadepsipeptide fungal metabolites which have demonstrated antibiotic, antimycotic, and insecticidal activities. The substantial toxic potentials of these mycotoxins are associated with their ionophoric molecular properties and relatively high lipophilicities. ENNs occur extensively in grain and grain-derived products and are considered a food safety issue by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The tolerable daily intake and maximum levels for ENNs in humans and animals remain unestablished due to key toxicological and toxicokinetic data gaps, preventing full risk assessment. Aiming to find critical data gaps impeding hazard characterization and risk evaluation, this review presents a comprehensive summary of the existing information from in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicokinetic characteristics and cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, endocrine, reproductive and developmental effects of the most prevalent ENN analogues (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and BEA. The missing information identified showed that additional studies on ENNs and BEA have to be performed before sufficient data for an in-depth hazard characterisation of these mycotoxins become available.
Ključne besede: enniatins, beauvericin, genotoxicity, endocrine effects, immunotoxicology, toxicokinetics
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.04.2025; Ogledov: 146; Prenosov: 61
.pdf Celotno besedilo (999,22 KB)
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2.
Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health
Henriqueta Louro, Ariane Vettorazzi, Adela López de Cerain, Bojana Žegura, Matjaž Novak, 2024, pregledni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.
Ključne besede: mycotoxin, exposure routes, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, immunosuppression, biotransformation, toxicokinetics, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, altenuene, tentoxin, altertoxin
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 07.08.2024; Ogledov: 501; Prenosov: 354
.pdf Celotno besedilo (3,22 MB)
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