1. Characterisation of 20th century cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in SloveniaMateja Golež, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Mateja Štefančič, Darja Rant, Sabina Dolenec, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This paper deals with the characterisation of cementitious materials from selected cultural heritage structures in Slovenia. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of an aggregate, a type of binder and secondary minerals were studied via electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The porosity and pore network were determined using a mercury porosimeter. The results show that the aggregate of the samples was highly diverse, ranging from limestone, dolomite, quartz, feldspar and mica. The binder of the investigated samples was cementitious; either ordinary Portland cement was used, or ordinary Portland cement blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag was used. Some samples consisted of cement–lime binders. The investigated examples entailing cement materials for their construction contribute to a better understanding of the technology used to prepare historical cementitious and cement–lime mixtures.
Ključne besede: 20th century, cementitious materials, historical concrete, cultural heritage
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 43; Prenosov: 32
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2. Impacts of casting scales and harsh conditions on the thermal, acoustic, and mechanical properties of indoor acoustic panels made with fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag foam concretesMohammad Mastali, Paivo Kinnunen, Marjaana Karhu, Zahra Abdollahnejad, Lidija Korat, Vilma Ducman, Ahmad Alzaza, Mirja Illikainen, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This paper presents experimental results regarding the efficiency of using acoustic panels made with fiber-reinforced alkali-activated slag foam concrete containing lightweight recycled aggregates produced by using Petrit-T (tunnel kiln slag). In the first stage, 72 acoustic panels with dimension 500 % 500 % 35 mm were cast and prepared. The mechanical properties of the panels were then assessed in terms of their compressive and flexural strengths. Moreover, the durability properties of acoustic panels were studied using harsh conditions (freeze/thaw and carbonation tests). The efficiency of the lightweight panels was also assessed in terms of thermal properties. In the second stage, 50 acoustic panels were used to cover the floor area in a reverberation room. The acoustic absorption in diffuse field conditions was measured, and the interrupted random noise source method was used to record the sound pressure decay rate over time. Moreover, the acoustic properties of the panels were separately assessed by impedance tubes and airflow resistivity measurements. The recorded results from these two sound absorption evaluations were compared. Additionally, a comparative study was presented on the results of impedance tube measurements to compare the influence of casting volumes (large and small scales) on the sound absorption of the acoustic panels. In the last stage, a comparative study was implemented to clarify the effects of harsh conditions on the sound absorption of the acoustic panels. The results showed that casting scale had great impacts on the mechanical and physical properties. Additionally, it was revealed that harsh conditions improved the sound properties of acoustic panels due to their effects on the porous structure of materials.
Ključne besede: alkali activation, slag, acoustic panels
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 56; Prenosov: 30
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3. Novel thermal insulation with gas-filled cavities - assessment of thermal performance of different designs based on numerical simulations of heat transferMiha Jukić, Sabina Jordan, Danijel Lisičić, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Not only is the energy efficiency of buildings nowadays becoming more and more important; the legislative requirements, the people’s awareness of the environmental questions and their thermal comfort expectations are also on a much higher level. All of these issues can be addressed by making the building envelope more thermally resistant. However, with the traditional thermal insulation materials the thickness of thermal insulation layers is already at the viable limits. Therefore, the development of new, more efficient thermal insulation products with a higher thermal resistance is highly promoted. Preliminary research results can be applied to models to develop and confirm the conceptual designs of such new materials. In this paper, an analysis of thermal performance is presented for a novel thermal insulation consisting of graphite polystyrene (GPS) matrix with cavities filled with an insulative gas, and a protective sheath to prevent it from leaking. Bearing in mind the suitability for later production, different configurations of the assembly were considered, regarding the matrix geometry, the type of the gas filling, and the surface emissivity of the cavities. A range of numerical simulations of heat transfer was conducted to determine the efficiency of different designs in reducing the conductive, the convective, and the radiative heat transfer. Advantages, limitations and some detailed parameters of the proposed design concepts were determined, which were then used for optimisation. The analysis of the results indicates that the equivalent thermal conductance of a GPS panel can be significantly reduced by the introduction of gas-filled cavities. The reduction is highly dependent on the type of the gas filling (thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, etc.), the size of the cavities, and the cavity surface emissivity.
Ključne besede: gas-filled cavities, graphite polystyrene, numerical simulation, thermal insulation
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 51; Prenosov: 28
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4. Effects of specific parameters on simulations of energy use and air temperatures in offices equipped with radiant heating/cooling panelsSabina Jordan, Jože Hafner, Martina Zbašnik-Senegačnik, Andraž Legat, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: When creating a simulation model to assess the performance of buildings, there is usually a lack of feedback information. Only in the case of measurements of a real building is a direct comparison of the measured values and simulated results possible. Parameter data related to users’ behavior or other events can also be obtained. Their evaluated frequency, magnitude and duration, along with boundary conditions, are crucial for the results. It is clear that none of them can be predicted very accurately. Most of them, however, are needed for computer modeling. In this paper we analyzed the well-defined TRNSYS simulation model of offices equipped with radiant ceiling panels for heating and cooling. The model was based on real case offices and was validated based on measurements for 1 year. The analysis included simulations in order to define what effect the parameters related mainly to users have on the energy use and the indoor air temperatures. The study confirmed that specific human activities influence the annual energy use to a relatively small degree and that their effects often counteract. It also confirmed the even more important fact that although small, these activities can influence the thermal comfort of users. It is believed that despite the fact that this research was based on an analysis of offices equipped with radiant ceiling panels, most of the results could be applied generally.
Ključne besede: measurements, modeling, simulation, validation, analysis, energy use, temperature
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.09.2023; Ogledov: 46; Prenosov: 18
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5. Potential of green ceramics waste for alkali activated foamsBarbara Horvat, Vilma Ducman, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The aim of the paper is to research the influence of foaming and stabilization agents in the alkali activation process of waste green ceramics for future low cost up-cycling into lightweight porous thermal insulating material. Green waste ceramics, which is used in the present article, is a green body residue (non-successful intermediate-product) in the synthesis of technical ceramics for fuses. This residue was alkali activated with Na-water glass and NaOH in theoretically determined ratio based on data from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) that was set to maximise mechanical properties and to avoid efflorescence. Prepared mixtures were compared to alkali activated material prepared in theoretically less favourable ratios, and tested on the strength and density. Selected mixtures were further foamed with different foaming agents, that are Na-perborate (s), H2O2 (l), and Al (s), and supported by a stabilization agent, i.e., Na-dodecyl sulphate. The goal of the presented work was to prepare alkali activated foam based on green ceramics with density below 1 kg/l and compressive strength above 1 MPa.
Ključne besede: alkali activation, foaming, SEM, XRF, XRD, mechanical strength
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.09.2023; Ogledov: 66; Prenosov: 29
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6. Corrosion performance of steel in blended cement pore solutionsMiha Hren, Tadeja Kosec, Andraž Legat, Violeta Bokan-Bosiljkov, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Blended cements might change the chemistry of the pore solution and subsequently affect the corrosion of steel in concrete. Pore solutions were extracted, analyzed and compared from mortars made of CEM I, CEM II, CEM III and CEM IV cements. Three combinations of carbonation and chloride states were studied, i.e., non-carbonated without chlorides, non-carbonated with chlorides and carbonated with chlorides. Different electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques were used to study the electrochemical properties, the type and the extent of the corrosion products, as well as the type and the extent of the corrosion damage. It was confirmed that the most corrosive environments were pore solutions extracted from the carbonated mortars with chlorides. In this environment the highest corrosion rate was observed for the CEM III pore solution, and the lowest for the CEM I. The extent and the type of corrosion products and the corrosion damage varied according to the environment.
Ključne besede: corrosion, blended cements, pore solution, mortar
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.09.2023; Ogledov: 35; Prenosov: 16
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7. Investigations of 6-pane glazing : properties and possibilitiesAleš Kralj, Marija Drev, Matjaž Žnidaršič, Boštjan Černe, Jože Hafner, Bjørn Petter Jelle, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Today there is increasing interest and demand for energy savings in the building sector. Windows still represent a weak point in the building envelope with respect to thermal performance due to thermal losses from the interior to the exterior as well as overheating of the interior due to excessive solar radiation from the exterior environment into the interior. However, windows and glazing structures enable the utilisation of daylight and heat from incident solar radiation, while at the same time providing comfort and a view to the outdoor surroundings. Multipane glazing and windows may represent a possible way to lower energy consumption related to heating and cooling. In this study, a multipane glazing structure, more specifically a 6-pane glazing, has been constructed and investigated with regard to various properties and possibilities. The general configuration of the 6-pane glazing is described. Furthermore, properties such as U-value, solar energy transmittance, visible transmittance, solar heat gain coefficient, glass pane temperatures, vapour permeability, economical aspects, and comfort of living, among others, are analysed. Finally, a case study is presented that demonstrates a 50% reduction in the annual energy consumption after renovation with this 6-pane glazing.
Ključne besede: window, multipane glazing, building, U-value, solar transmittance, temperature
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.09.2023; Ogledov: 67; Prenosov: 24
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8. RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test : mix design and reproducibility of compressive strength of alkaliactivated concretesJohn L. Provis, Kamel Arbi, Susana Bernal, Dali Bondar, Anja Buchwald, Arnaud Castel, Sundararaman Chithiraputhiran, Martin Cyr, Alireza Dehghan, Katja Dombrowski-Daube, Ashish Dubey, Vilma Ducman, Gregor J. G. Gluth, Sreejith Nanukuttan, Karl Peterson, Francisca Puertas, Arie van Riessen, Manuel Torres-Carrasco, Guang Ye, Yibing Zuo, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The aim of RILEM TC 247-DTA Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials is to identify and validate methodologies for testing the durability of alkali-activated concretes. To underpin the durability testing work of this committee, five alkali-activated concrete mixes were developed based on blast furnace slag, fly ash, and flash-calcined metakaolin. The concretes were designed with different intended performance levels, aiming to assess the capability of test methods to discriminate between concretes on this basis. A total of fifteen laboratories worldwide participated in this round robin test programme, where all concretes were produced with the same mix designs, from single-source aluminosilicate precursors and locally available aggregates. This paper reports the mix designs tested, and the compressive strength results obtained, including critical insight into reasons for the observed variability in strength within and between laboratories.
Ključne besede: alkali-activated materials (AAM), mechanical properties, test method, Rilem TC, durability
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.09.2023; Ogledov: 54; Prenosov: 38
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9. Aggregates obtained by alkali activation of fly ash : the effect of granulation, pelletization methods and curing regimesOgnjen Lj. Rudić, Vilma Ducman, Mirjana Malešev, Vlastimir Radonjanin, Suzana Draganić, Slobodan Šupić, Miroslava Radeka, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: This paper presents results regarding the phase composition, microstructure and textural properties of two types of aggregates, which were prepared via crushing or pelletization of alkali-activated Class F fly ash and cured under different conditions. The alkali activator was the same for aggregate products, containing an alkaline solution consisting of 8 M NaOH and Na-silicate (8 M NaOH/Na-silicate = 1:2.5 mass ratio). The aforementioned properties were influenced by two different preparation procedures combined with varying curing regimes (under normal conditions at 20 %C, RH 40%60% for 28 and 120 days and under an accelerated regime, at 65 %C for 5 days). Aggregates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), back scattered electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (BSE-EDS) analyses and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed noteworthy structural and textural diversities between the two types of aggregate. The method of preparation and curing regime affected the formation of the N-A-S-H structure and the texture of the alkali-activated fly ash product, with the crushing method giving an advantage
Ključne besede: alkali activation, agregat, FTIR
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 14.09.2023; Ogledov: 55; Prenosov: 33
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10. The potential of ladle slag and electric arc furnace slag use in synthesizing alkali activated materials; the influence of curing on mechanical propertiesMark Češnovar, Katja Traven, Barbara Horvat, Vilma Ducman, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Alkali activation is studied as a potential technology to produce a group of high performance building materials from industrial residues such as metallurgical slag. Namely, slags containing aluminate and silicate form a useful solid material when activated by an alkaline solution. The alkali-activated (AA) slag-based materials are promising alternative products for civil engineering sector and industrial purposes. In the present study the locally available electric arc furnace steel slag (Slag A) and the ladle furnace basic slag (Slag R) from different metallurgical industries in Slovenia were selected for alkali activation because of promising amorphous Al/Si rich content. Different mixtures of selected precursors were prepared in the Slag A/Slag R ratios 1/0, 3/1, 1/1, 1/3 and 0/1 and further activated with potassium silicate using an activator to slag ratio of 1:2 in order to select the optimal composition with respect to their mechanical properties. Bending strength of investigated samples ranged between 4 and 18 MPa, whereas compressive strength varied between 30 and 60 MPa. The optimal mixture (Slag A/Slag R = 1/1) was further used to study strength development under the influence of different curing temperatures at room temperature (R. T.), and in a heat-chamber at 50, 70 and 90 °C, and the effects of curing time for 1, 3, 7 and 28 days was furthermore studied. The influence of curing time at room temperature on the mechanical strength at an early age was found to be nearly linear. Further, it was shown that specimens cured at 70 °C for 3 days attained almost identical (bending/compressive) strength to those cured at room temperature for 28 days. Additionally, microstructure evaluation of input materials and samples cured under different conditions was performed by means of XRD, FTIR, SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP).
Ključne besede: alkali activation, slag, influence of curing regime, FTIR
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 13.09.2023; Ogledov: 56; Prenosov: 35
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