1. Smart bionanomaterials for treatment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseaseSpase Stojanov, Aleš Berlec, 2024, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis being the primary subtypes. Diagnosis and treatment of IBD are challenging due to their unknown etiology and complex pathology. Smart bionanomaterials, which are biocompatible nanometer-sized materials that respond to external stimuli, can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. In the context of IBD, these materials can deliver drugs, primarily aminosalicylates, and corticosteroids, as well as live probiotics to the inflamed parts of the intestine, with a specific focus on the colon. The controlled release of drugs can be triggered by the conditions present in the IBD-affected intestine, such as inflammation, anaerobic environment, neutral pH, and gut microbiota. This article provides an overview of the use of smart bionanomaterials, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and hybrid systems. It discusses their manufacturing process and their ability to deliver active ingredients in response to various stimuli, such as pH, temperature, reactive oxygen species, magnetic field, and biomolecules, for the treatment of IBD. We also describe the use of smart probiotics, which have been genetically engineered to recognize specific stimuli and synthesize recombinant proteins for the treatment of IBD. The qualitative or quantitative response to inflammatory stimuli can be exploited in diagnostic applications, with some examples already developed. Smart bionanomaterials offer several advantages, such as encapsulation, targeted delivery, responsiveness to stimuli, and controlled release. These features make them a valuable adjunct tool in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.
Ključne besede: bionanomaterials, responsive materials, gut microbiota
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 17.01.2025; Ogledov: 251; Prenosov: 157
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2. New treatment approaches for Clostridioides difficile infections : alternatives to antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantationTomaž Bratkovič, Abida Zahirović, Maruša Bizjak, Maja Rupnik, Borut Štrukelj, Aleš Berlec, 2024, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Clostridioides difficile causes a range of debilitating intestinal symptoms that may be fatal. It is particularly problematic as a hospital-acquired infection, causing significant costs to the health care system. Antibiotics, such as vancomycin and fidaxomicin, are still the drugs of choice for C. difficile infections, but their effectiveness is limited, and microbial interventions are emerging as a new treatment option. This paper focuses on alternative treatment approaches, which are currently in various stages of development and can be divided into four therapeutic strategies. Direct killing of C. difficile (i) includes beside established antibiotics, less studied bacteriophages, and their derivatives, such as endolysins and tailocins. Restoration of microbiota composition and function (ii) is achieved with fecal microbiota transplantation, which has recently been approved, with standardized defined microbial mixtures, and with probiotics, which have been administered with moderate success. Prevention of deleterious effects of antibiotics on microbiota is achieved with agents for the neutralization of antibiotics that act in the gut and are nearing regulatory approval. Neutralization of C. difficile toxins (iii) which are crucial virulence factors is achieved with antibodies/antibody fragments or alternative binding proteins. Of these, the monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab is already in clinical use. Immunomodulation (iv) can help eliminate or prevent C. difficile infection by interfering with cytokine signaling. Small-molecule agents without bacteriolytic activity are usually selected by drug repurposing and can act via a variety of mechanisms. The multiple treatment options described in this article provide optimism for the future treatment of C. difficile infection.
Ključne besede: microbiota, immunomodulators
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 17.01.2025; Ogledov: 338; Prenosov: 156
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3. Tartary buckwheat flavonoids improve colon lesions and modulate gut microbiota composition in diabetic miceWenwen Cheng, Cifeng Cai, Ivan Kreft, Tamara Lah Turnšek, Mingyan Zu, Yongping Hu, Meiliang Zhou, Zhiyong Liao, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Tartary buckwheat flavonoids (TBFs) exhibit diverse biological activities, with antioxidant, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In this study, we investigated the role of TBFs in attenuating glucose and lipid disturbances in diabetic mice and hence preventing the occurrence of diabetes-related colon lesions in mice by regulating the gut microbiota. The results showed that TBFs (1) reversed blood glucose levels and body weight changes; (2) improved levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fasting insulin; and (3) significantly reduced diabetes-related colon lesions in diabetic mice. In addition, TBFs also affected the diabetes-related imbalance of the gut microbiota and enriched beneficial microbiota, including Akkermansia and Prevotella. The TBF also selectively increased short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, including Roseburia and Odoribacter, and decreased the abundance of the diabetes-related gut microbiota, including Escherichia, Mucispirillum, and Bilophila. The correlation analysis indicated that TBFs improved metabolic parameters related to key communities of the gut microbiota. Our data suggested that TBFs alleviated glucose and lipid disturbances and improved colon lesions in diabetic mice, possibly by regulating the community composition of the gut microbiota. This regulation of the gut microbiota composition may explain the observed effects of TBFs to alleviate diabetes-related symptoms.
Ključne besede: Tartary buckwheat, flavonoids, microbiota, mice
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 17.07.2024; Ogledov: 468; Prenosov: 373
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