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Povzetek: Data collected in the project "Diseases, pests and drought stress of European beech at various climate change scenarios (V4-2026), Working package 2: Causes of the decline of European beech in Slovenia". Data was collected on 40 sampling plots, 39 plots on systematic grid 16 × 16 km and one additional plot in the Alps. On each sampling plot two trees were felled, altogether 80 trees: one visually healthy, and one damaged tree. Visual assessment of crown condition and damaging agents was evaluated following methods of ICP Forests. Rhizosphere soil was collected from each sampled tree for the Phytophthora baiting assay. For fungal isolations five parts of a tree were sampled: leaves, twigs (up to 20 mm in diameter), branches (over 20 mm in diameter), trunk, surface roots and root collar (up to 25 cm from the ground). Four samples from each tree part were collected. Finally, 20 samples per tree and 40 samples per plot were collected, yielding 1.600 samples in total. The samples were surface sterilized. Four subsamples were collected from one sample, altogether, 6.400 subsamples/tissue pieces. Four subsamples were plated on potato dextrose agar supplemented with streptomycin. Fungi and Phytophthora species were identified using molecular techniques, while insects were identified based on their morphological characteristics.
Ključne besede: research data, Fagus sylvatica, decline, damage, complex disease, fungi, insects, Phytophthora, endophytes, stress
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 25.09.2025; Ogledov: 260; Prenosov: 2
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Povzetek: Cigarette filters comprise plasticised cellulose acetate, a synthetic polymer categorized as bioplastic. They represent a significant source of microplastics (MPs), in particular microfibers, and associated chemicals, yet their impact on organisms, especially soil invertebrates, is not well-studied. This research examines the effects of MPs milled from smoked (SCF-MPs) and unsmoked cigarette filters (UCF-MPs) on terrestrial invertebrates (Porcellio scaber, Tenebrio molitor) and aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia magna, Brachionus calyciflorus). SCF-MPs and UCF-MPs were found to be 9.06 ± 4.1 μm and 12.71 ± 6.82 μm in size, respectively. Both samples contained triacetin and potentially toxic metals, while SCF-MPs also contained nicotine and a larger number of trace organic compounds. While exposure to SCF-MPs or UCF-MPs (up to 1.5 % MPs, w/w in soil) did not affect the survival of either terrestrial invertebrate, several physiological responses were observed. These included changes in immune parameters, energy-related biomarker levels, and altered glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Both types of MPs were acutely toxic to aquatic invertebrates, reducing the survival rates of B. calyciflorus (10 mg L−1 of either particle after 48h exposure) and D. magna (100 mg L−1 of SCF-MPs after 48h exposure). SCF-MPs generally caused more pronounced effects than UCF-MPs. This study highlights the need for effective environmental management to address both smoked and unsmoked cigarette filters.
Ključne besede: cigarette buts, cigarette filters, microfibers, crustaceans, insects, rotifers
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.05.2025; Ogledov: 546; Prenosov: 363
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Povzetek: Food production is considered to be the main source of human impact on the environment and the concerns about detrimental effects of pesticides on biodiversity and human health are likely to lead to an increasingly restricted use of chemicals in agriculture. Since the first successful field trial, pheromone based mating disruption enabled sustainable insect control, which resulted in reduced levels of pesticide use. Organic farming is one of the fastest growing segments of agriculture and with the continuously growing public concern about use of pesticides, the main remaining challenge in increasing the safety of the global food production is to identify appropriate alternative mating disruption approaches for the numerous insect pests that do not rely on chemical communication. In the present study, we show for the first time that effective mating disruption based on substrate-borne vibrational signals can be achieved in the field. When disruptive vibrational signals were applied to grapevine plants through a supporting wire, mating frequency of the leafhopper pest Scaphoideus titanus dropped to 9 % in semi-field conditions and to 4 % in a mature vineyard. The underlying mechanism of this environmentally friendly pest-control tactic is a masking of the vibrational signals used in mate recognition and location. Because vibrational communication is widespread in insects, mating disruption using substrate vibrations can transform many open field and greenhouse based farming systems.
Ključne besede: insects, ethology, pest management
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 12.03.2025; Ogledov: 492; Prenosov: 299
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Povzetek: Biological invasions continue to threaten the stability of ecosystems and societies that are dependent on their services. Whilst the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) have been widely reported in recent decades, there remains a paucity of information concerning their economic impacts. Europe has strong trade and transport links with the rest of the world, facilitating hundreds of IAS incursions, and largely centralised decision-making frameworks. The present study is the first comprehensive and detailed effort that quantifies the costs of IAS collectively across European countries and examines temporal trends in these data. In addition, the distributions of costs across countries, socioeconomic sectors and taxonomic groups are examined, as are socio-economic correlates of management and damage costs. Total costs of IAS in Europe summed to US$140.20 billion (or €116.61 billion) between 1960 and 2020, with the majority (60%) being damage-related and impacting multiple sectors. Costs were also geographically widespread but dominated by impacts in large western and central European countries, i.e. the UK, Spain, France, and Germany. Human population size, land area, GDP, and tourism were significant predictors of invasion costs, with management costs additionally predicted by numbers of introduced species, research effort and trade. Temporally, invasion costs have increased exponentially through time, with up to US$23.58 billion (€19.64 billion) in 2013, and US$139.56 billion (€116.24 billion) in impacts extrapolated in 2020. Importantly, although these costs are substantial, there remain knowledge gaps on several geographic and taxonomic scales, indicating that these costs are severely underestimated. We, thus, urge increased and improved cost reporting for economic impacts of IAS and coordinated international action to prevent further spread and mitigate impacts of IAS populations.
Ključne besede: bodiversity, insects, InvaCost, invasive species, European Union, monetary impacts, non-native biota, socio-economic correlates, socioeconomic sectors
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.02.2025; Ogledov: 694; Prenosov: 392
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Povzetek: The ecological significance of vibroscape has been largely overlooked, excluding an important part of the available information from ecosystem assessment. Insects rely primarily on substrate-borne vibrational signalling in their communication, which is why the majority of terrestrial insects are excluded from passive acoustic monitoring. The ability to monitor the biological component of the natural vibroscape has been limited due to a lack of data and methods to analyse the data. In this paper, we evaluate the use of deep learning models to automatically detect and classify vibrational signals from field recordings obtained with laser vibrometry. We created a dataset of annotated vibroscape recordings of meadow habitats, containing vibrational signals categorized as pulses, harmonic signals, pulse trains, and complex signals. We compared different deep neural network architectures for the detection and classification of vibrational signals, including convolutional and transformer models. The PaSST transformer architecture, which was fine-tuned from a pre-trained checkpoint demonstrated the highest performance on all tasks, achieving an average precision of 0.79 in signal detection. For signals with more than one hour of annotated data, the classification models achieved instance-based F1-scores above 0.8, enabling automatic analysis of activity patterns. In our case study, where 24-hour field recordings were analysed, the trained models (even those with lower precision) revealed interesting activity patterns of different species. The presented study, together with the dataset we publish with this paper, lays the foundation for further analysis of the vibroscape and the development of automated methods for ecotremological monitoring that complement passive acoustic monitoring and provide a comprehensive approach to ecosystem assessment.
Ključne besede: vibroscape, ecotremology, deep learning, automatic classification, biotremology, insects, zoology, laser vibrometry, ecosystem assessment
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.01.2025; Ogledov: 598; Prenosov: 323
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