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2. Detecting subtle cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease and normal cognition : a novel cognitive control challenge task (C3T)Karmen Resnik Robida, Vida Ana Politakis, Aleš Oblak, Anka Slana Ozimič, Helena Burger, Zvezdan Pirtošek, Jurij Bon, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often show early deficits in cognitive control, with primary difficulties in flexibility and relatively intact stable representations. The aim of our study was to assess executive function using an ecologically valid approach that combines measures of stability and flexibility. Fourteen patients without cognitive deficits and sixteen comparable control subjects completed a standardized neuropsychological test battery and a newly developed cognitive control challenge task (C3T). We found that the accuracy of C3T performance decreased with age in healthy participants and remained impaired in PD patients regardless of age. In addition, PD patients showed significantly lower overall performance for cognitive control tasks than healthy controls, even when they scored in the normal range on standardized neuropsychological tests. PD Patients responded significantly faster than healthy control subjects regarding flexible cognitive control tasks due to their impulsivity. Correlations showed that the C3T task targets multiple cognitive systems, including working memory, inhibition, and task switching, providing a reliable measure of complex cognitive control. C3T could be a valuable tool for characterizing cognitive deficits associated with PD and appears to be a more sensitive measure than standardized neuropsychological tests. A different assessment approach could potentially detect early signs of the disease and identify opportunities for early intervention with neuroprotective therapies.
Ključne besede: stable cognitive control, flexible cognitive control, cognitive control challenge task, Parkinson’s disease, task switching
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 05.08.2026; Ogledov: 62; Prenosov: 33
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3. Preimplantation genetic testing within the public healthcare system in SloveniaMarija Volk, Karin Writzl, Alenka Veble, Helena Jaklič, Nataša Teran, Bernarda Prosenc, Martin Štimpfel, Irma Virant-Klun, Eda Vrtačnik-Bokal, Helena Ban Frangež, Borut Peterlin, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: chromosome aberration, embryo biopsy, in vitro fertilization, monogenic disease, preimplantation genetic testing
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 05.08.2026; Ogledov: 72; Prenosov: 22
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4. Genetic polymorphisms in oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways as potential biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and dementiaDavid Vogrinc, Milica Gregorič Kramberger, Andreja Emeršič, Saša Čučnik, Katja Goričar, Vita Dolžan, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are important processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Numerous risk factors, including genetic background, can affect the complex interplay between those mechanisms in the aging brain and can also affect typical AD hallmarks: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Our aim was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in oxidative stress- and inflammation-related genes with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels and cognitive test results. The study included 54 AD patients, 14 MCI patients with pathological CSF biomarker levels, 20 MCI patients with normal CSF biomarker levels and 62 controls. Carriers of two polymorphic IL1B rs16944 alleles had higher CSF Aβ1–42 levels (p = 0.025), while carriers of at least one polymorphic NFE2L2 rs35652124 allele had lower CSF Aβ1–42 levels (p = 0.040). Association with IL1B rs16944 remained significant in the AD group (p = 0.029). Additionally, MIR146A rs2910164 was associated with Aβ42/40 ratio (p = 0.043) in AD. Significant associations with cognitive test scores were observed for CAT rs1001179 (p = 0.022), GSTP1 rs1138272 (p = 0.005), KEAP1 rs1048290 and rs9676881 (both p = 0.019), as well as NFE2L2 rs35652124 (p = 0.030). In the AD group, IL1B rs1071676 (p = 0.004), KEAP1 rs1048290 and rs9676881 (both p = 0.035) remained associated with cognitive scores. Polymorphisms in antioxidative and inflammation genes might be associated with CSF biomarkers and cognitive test scores and could serve as additional biomarkers contributing to early diagnosis of dementia.
Ključne besede: Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress, inflammation
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 03.08.2026; Ogledov: 88; Prenosov: 57
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5. Investigation of paraoxonase-1 genotype and enzyme-kinetic parameters in the context of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s diseaseBoštjan Petrič, Sara Redenšek Trampuž, Vita Dolžan, Milica Gregorič Kramberger, Maja Trošt, Nikola Maraković, Marko Goličnik, Aljoša Bavec, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which often progresses to PD dementia. PD patients with and without dementia may differ in certain biochemical parameters, which could thus be used as biomarkers for PD dementia. The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has previously been investigated as a potential biomarker in the context of other types of dementia. In a cohort of PD patients, we compared a group of 89 patients with cognitive impairment with a group of 118 patients with normal cognition. We determined the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for PON1 for the reaction with dihydrocoumarin and the genotype of four single nucleotide polymorphisms in PON1. We found that no genotype or kinetic parameter correlated significantly with cognitive impairment in PD patients. However, we observed associations between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Km (p < 10−10), between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Vmax (p = 9.33 × 10−7), and between PON1 rs705379 and PON1 Vmax (p = 2.21 × 10−10). The present study is novel in three main aspects. (1) It is the first study to investigate associations between the PON1 genotype and enzyme kinetics in a large number of subjects. (2) It is the first study to report kinetic parameters of PON1 in a large number of subjects and to use time-concentration progress curves instead of initial velocities to determine Km and Vmax in a clinical context. (3) It is also the first study to calculate enzyme-kinetic parameters in a clinical context with a new algorithm for data point removal from progress curves, dubbed iFIT. Although our results suggest that in the context of PD, there is no clinically useful correlation between cognitive status on the one hand and PON1 genetic and enzyme-kinetic parameters on the other hand, this should not discourage future investigation into PON1’s potential associations with other types of dementia.
Ključne besede: Parkinson disease, cognitive impairment, paraoxonase 1
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 03.08.2026; Ogledov: 73; Prenosov: 50
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6. Feasibility of a standard cognitive assessment in European academic memory clinicsAlice Grazia, Daniele Altomare, Lukas Preis, Andreas U. Monsch, Stefano F. Cappa, Serge Gauthier, Lutz Frölich, Bengt Winblad, Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer, Stefan J. Teipel, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: Alzheimer's disease, implementation feasibility, mild cognitive impairment, mixed-methods, standard cognitive assessment
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 03.08.2026; Ogledov: 97; Prenosov: 67
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7. Beyond amyloid : systemic and brain frailty as determinants of response to anti-amyloid therapy in Alzheimer’s diseasePolona Rus Prelog, Matija Zupan, Mišo Šabovič, Senta Frol, Milica Gregorič Kramberger, 2026, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Anti-amyloid therapy (AAT) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) modestly slow cognitive and functional decline in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, both the magnitude of clinical benefit and the risk of treatment-related complications vary substantially even among patients with similar biomarker profiles. Frailty, both brain and systemic, is highly prevalent in older adults with AD and affects a large proportion of those considered for AAT. Despite this, it has been largely absent from current decision frameworks. Brain frailty, defined by structural and microvascular damage (e.g., small-vessel disease, microbleeds, and atrophy), limits the clinical benefit of amyloid clearance and increases susceptibility to amyloid-related imaging abnormalities. In contrast, systemic frailty, reflecting reduced physiological reserve, mainly affects treatment tolerance and recovery from adverse events. In this narrative, conceptual review, we synthesize evidence that both forms of frailty act as biologically grounded modifiers of AAT efficacy and safety and may limit the clinical benefit while increasing susceptibility to complications and decompensation. Importantly, the precise empirical thresholds at which frailty begins to exert harmful effects remain unknown. We further outline how MRI-based markers of brain frailty, combined with brief systemic frailty measures, could support risk stratification, patient selection, monitoring intensity, and shared decision-making, including deferring treatment when the benefit–risk balance is unfavorable, while avoiding exclusion of patients who may still benefit. Taken together, we propose that future studies should incorporate frailty measures and perform precise assessments of both brain and systemic frailty, as this may improve patient stratification and better characterize the effects of AAT.
Ključne besede: Alzheimer’s disease, frailty, brain frailty, systemic frailty, monoclonal antibodies, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), precision medicine, cerebral small vessel disease, risk-benefit stratification
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 03.08.2026; Ogledov: 110; Prenosov: 64
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8. Lithium in bipolar disorder : renal mechanisms, nephrotoxicity phenotypes, and a shared-care pathway for clinical practiceNikolina Rijavec, Željka Večerić-Haler, 2026, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Lithium remains a cornerstone mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, with strong evidence for relapse prevention and a unique association with reduced suicide risk. Its benefit is counterbalanced by renal adverse effects, ranging from impaired urinary concentrating capacity and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) to chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy with progressive loss of glomerular filtration rate in a minority of long-term users. Mechanistically, lithium enters collecting duct principal cells via the epithelial sodium channel, disrupts vasopressin-regulated water handling by downregulating aquaporin-2, and can drive chronic interstitial injury. Risk is amplified by episodes of lithium intoxication, dehydration, interacting medications that reduce renal lithium clearance, longer treatment duration, and comorbid kidney disease. This review integrates psychiatric and nephrologic perspectives on lithium’s indications, mechanisms, renal phenotypes, and prevention strategies, and proposes a practical shared-care pathway for patients with bipolar disorder who develop polyuria, NDI, acute kidney injury, or chronic kidney disease during lithium therapy, emphasizing monitoring, targeted treatment of polyuria, mitigation of toxicity, and structured shared decision-making when renal function declines.
Ključne besede: lithium, bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease, diabetes insipidus
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 30.07.2026; Ogledov: 88; Prenosov: 55
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9. A Habsburg Legacy : Sex and Social Politics in Venezia Giulia and Slovenia between the World WarsNancy Meriwether Wingfield, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The governments of the newly formed and expanded states of Habsburg Central Europe began remaking society in formerly imperial spaces following Austria-Hungary’s defeat in 1918. Austria-Hungary’s demise as a geopolitical unit did not mean the disappearance of its administrative and juridical apparatus, some of which functioned well into the interwar era. Because bureaucratic transition did not necessarily parallel political transition, there was often no immediate, dramatic change in the regulation of prostitution—or the treatment of prostitutes and women assumed to be prostitutes—in these states. Some officials/police maintained that prostitution was a “necessary evil,” and sought its continued regulation, while others sought its abolition. This article analyzes continuity and change in the treatment of prostitutes in prewar/wartime Cisleithanian Austria and postwar Venezia Giulia and Slovenia. Neighboring provinces under the Habsburg Monarchy, Italy occupied the former in late 1918, while the latter became part of Yugoslavia.
Ključne besede: First World War, Habsburg Monarchy, Maribor, military, prostitution, Slovenia, Trieste, venereal disease, Venezia Giulia
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 29.07.2026; Ogledov: 154; Prenosov: 88
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10. Patient-reported health-related quality of life impact and symptom severity in patients with Lyme borreliosis in the Burden of Lyme Disease (BOLD) studyHolly Yu, Amanda R. Mercadante, Kate Halsby, Alexandra Loew-Baselli, Ye Tan, Juanita Edwards, Franc Strle, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Lyme borreliosis (LB) can manifest as a localized infection or, if left untreated, disseminated disease. This analysis used Patient-Reported Outcome tools to assess general health, fatigue, pain, and cognitive function in patients with localized or disseminated LB, compared with age- and site-matched controls without LB. All participants were enrolled in the Burden of Lyme Disease (BOLD) study; LB cases were assessed at 3 time points: the enrollment visit, and two follow-up visits conducted within 10 months of enrollment. Controls were evaluated at 2 time points: the enrollment contact and a follow-up contact 16–18 months post-enrollment. Symptom severity and general health quality between groups were compared using two-tailed Student’s t-tests and multivariate regression analyses. Disseminated LB cases reported greater fatigue and pain than localized LB (disseminated LB fatigue scores: 4.1, 3.7, and 3.5 at Visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively vs. localized LB: 2.9, 3.0, and 2.9; disseminated LB pain scores: 2.5, 1.6, and 1.3 vs. localized LB: 0.9, 0.6, and 0.8) and controls (fatigue score: 3.2; pain score: 1.0). Disseminated LB was also associated with reduced health-related quality of life. The results of this study indicate that health-related quality of life may vary by disease stage and that patients with disseminated disease showed persistent impairment during the acute phase and at 10-month follow-up.
Ključne besede: Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease, disseminated LB, localized LB, patient-reported outcomes, quality of life
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 29.07.2026; Ogledov: 137; Prenosov: 73
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