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2. An indoor radio mapping dataset combining 3D point clouds and RSSILjupcho Milosheski, Kuon Akiyama, Blaž Bertalanič, Jernej Hribar, Ryoichi Shinkuma, 2025, drugi znanstveni članki Povzetek: The growing number of smart devices supporting bandwidth-intensive and latency-sensitive applications, such as real-time video analytics, smart sensing, Extended Reality (XR), etc., necessitates reliable indoor wireless connectivity. In such environments, accurate Radio Environment Maps (REMs) enable adaptive wireless network planning and optimization of Access Point (AP) placement. However, generating realistic REMs remains difficult due to the variability of indoor environments and the limitations of existing modelling approaches, which often rely on simplified layouts or synthetic data. These challenges are further amplified by the adoption of next-generation Wi-Fi standards, operating at higher frequencies with limited range and wall penetration. To support progress in this area, we collected a dataset that combines high-resolution 3D LiDAR scans with Wi-Fi RSSI measurements across 20 setups in a multi-room indoor environment. It includes two measurement scenarios, one with and one without human presence, enabling development and validation of REM estimation models that incorporate physical geometry and environmental dynamics. The described dataset supports research in data-driven wireless modelling and the development of high-capacity indoor communication networks.
Ključne besede: indoor radio mapping, LIDAR, RSSI, wireless dataset
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 29.06.2026; Ogledov: 138; Prenosov: 92
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4. Uporaba iPhone lidar tehnologije za izmero dreves na vzorčnih ploskvah gozdne inventureJaka Križaj, Mitja Skudnik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Lasersko skeniranje dreves je lahko koristna tehnologija za dopolnitev in overitev informacij, pridobljenih s klasično gozdno inventuro. Profesionalni terestrični in mobilni skenerji so dragi in zahtevajo usposobljene uporabnike. Zato smo v delu preizkusili uporabnost cenovno dostopnejše tehnologije Apple iPhone lidar, in sicer za pridobivanje dveh poglavitnih informacij o drevesih na vzorčnih ploskvah gozdne inventure: to sta premer drevesa na višini 1,3 metra nad tlemi (d1,3) in oddaljenost drevesa od središča ploskve. Na štirih krožnih raziskovalnih ploskvah na Rožniku smo v treh ločenih ekipah gozdarskih strokovnjakov izmerili referenčne podatke za vsa drevesa z d1,3 ≥ 10 cm s tradicionalnimi metodami, nato smo ploskve poskenirali še z napravo Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max. Podatke skeniranj smo obdelali z odprtokodnimi programi. Ugotovili smo, da so vrednosti d1,3, pridobljene iz podatkov laserskega skeniranja, v povprečju precenjene za 0,95 centimetra (RMSE = 2,43 cm), napaka je značilno večja pri tanjših drevesih. Horizontalne razdalje so bile večinoma podcenjene, v povprečju za 6,7 centimetra (RMSE = 24,1 cm). Napaka v horizontalni razdalji se z naraščajočim časom skeniranja povečuje, medtem ko trajanje skeniranja ne vpliva na vrednosti prsnih premerov. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da so lesne zaloge, izračunane iz podatkov skeniranja, v povprečju precenjene za 2,6 %.
Ključne besede: iPhone, Apple lidar, nizkocenovni lidar, gozdna inventura, prsni premer, lokacije dreves
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.01.2026; Ogledov: 387; Prenosov: 240
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5. Terrestrial and mobile laser scanning for national forest inventories : from theory to implementationJustin Holvoet, Markus P. Eichhorn, Francesca Giannetti, Daniel Kükenbrink, Xinlian Liang, Martin Mokroš, Jan Novotný, Timo P. Pitkänen, Stefano Puliti, Mitja Skudnik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has emerged as an important data source for monitoring forest resources. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and Mobile laser scanning (MLS) have already shown high potential in further advancing forest inventory development. By enabling the retrieval of new forest attributes in addition to traditional ones, these technologies could drive forest inventories into a new paradigm by introducing innovative approaches to measuring and monitoring forests. The debate on the possible implementation of TLS and MLS in forest inventories, particularly in national forest inventories (NFIs), continues in both the scientific community and the public institutions. To date, few studies have evaluated the application of TLS and MLS technologies in large-scale forest inventories or assessed their practical operational limits. In this practice-oriented paper, we first detail TLS and MLS data acquisition and processing for tree attribute estimation, assessing their maturity and main limitations. We then explore three European case studies—from the French, Finnish, and Swiss National Forest Inventories (NFIs)—where these technologies have been tested. Based on these experiences, we identify the main constraints and challenges for operational implementation. Lastly, we discuss the prospects for TLS and MLS within the NFI context and the requirements for their successful adoption. We conclude that TLS and MLS should be viewed not as a replacement for, but as a complement to and enhancement of, traditional NFI practices. Emphasis should be placed on the new opportunities these technologies offer, rather than on direct comparisons with conventional methods.
Ključne besede: enhanced NFI, close-range remote sensing, ground-based LiDAR, point cloud, tree attribute accuracy, explorative implementation
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.01.2026; Ogledov: 447; Prenosov: 341
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7. Evaluation of height changes in uneven-aged spruce–fir–beech forest with freely available nationwide lidar and aerial photogrammetry dataAnže Martin Pintar, Mitja Skudnik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Tree height and vertical forest structure are important attributes in forestry, but their traditional measurement or assessment in the field is expensive, time-consuming, and often inaccurate. One of the main advantages of using remote sensing data to estimate vertical forest structure is the ability to obtain accurate data for larger areas in a more time- and cost-efficient manner. Temporal changes are also important for estimating and analysing tree heights, and in many countries, national airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys have been conducted either only once or at specific, longer intervals, whereas aerial surveys are more often arranged in cycles with shorter intervals. In this study, we reviewed all freely available national airborne remote sensing data describing three-dimensional forest structures in Slovenia and compared them with traditional field measurements in an area dominated by uneven-aged forests. The comparison of ALS and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) data revealed that freely available national ALS data provide better estimates of dominant forest heights, vertical structural diversity, and their changes compared to cyclic DAP data, but they are still useful due to their temporally dense data. Up-to-date data are very important for forest management and the study of forest resilience and resistance to disturbance. Based on field measurements (2013 and 2023) and all remote sensing data, dominant and maximum heights are statistically significantly higher in uneven-aged forests than in mature, even-aged forests. Canopy height diversity (CHD) information, derived from lidar ALS and DAP data, has also proven to be suitable for distinguishing between even-aged and uneven-aged forests. The CHDALS 2023 was 1.64, and the CHDCAS 2022 was 1.38 in uneven-aged stands, which were statistically significantly higher than in even-aged forest stands.
Ključne besede: uneven-aged forest, freely available national airborne remote sensing data, lidar, aerial photography, dominant height, canopy height diversity, periodic annual increment
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 09.01.2025; Ogledov: 956; Prenosov: 697
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8. High-resolution Pan-European forest structure maps : an integration of earth observation and national forest inventory dataJukka Miettinen, Patricia Adame, Radim Adolt, Iciar Alberdi, Oleg Antropov, Ólafur Arnarsson, Rasmus Astrup, Ambros Berger, Jón Bogason, Gherardo Chirici, Luka Krajnc, Mitja Skudnik, 2024, zaključena znanstvena zbirka raziskovalnih podatkov Ključne besede: uneven-aged forest, lidar data, canopy height model, voxels, canopy height diversity
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 13.08.2024; Ogledov: 1502; Prenosov: 1554
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9. Identifying even- and uneven-aged forest stands using low-resolution nationwide lidar dataAnže Martin Pintar, Mitja Skudnik, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: In uneven-aged forests, trees of different diameters, heights, and ages are located in a small area, which is due to the felling of individual trees or groups of trees, as well as small-scale natural disturbances. In this article, we present an objective method for classifying forest stands into even- and uneven-aged stands based on freely available low-resolution (with an average recording density of 5 points/m2) national lidar data. The canopy closure, dominant height, and canopy height diversity from the canopy height model and the voxels derived from lidar data were used to classify the forest stands. Both approaches for determining forest structural diversity (canopy height diversity—CHDCHM and CHDV) yielded similar results, namely two clusters of even- and uneven-aged stands, although the differences in vertical diversity between even- and uneven-aged stands were greater when using CHM. The first analysis, using CHM for the CHD assessment, estimated the uneven-aged forest area as 49.3%, whereas the second analysis using voxels estimated it as 34.3%. We concluded that in areas with low laser scanner density, CHM analysis is a more appropriate method for assessing forest stand height heterogeneity. The advantage of detecting uneven-aged structures with voxels is that we were able to detect shade-tolerant species of varying age classes beneath a dense canopy of mature, dominant trees. The CHDCHM values were estimated to be 1.83 and 1.86 for uneven-aged forests, whereas they were 1.57 and 1.58 for mature even-aged forests. The CHDV values were estimated as 1.50 and 1.62 for uneven-aged forests, while they were 1.33 and 1.48 for mature even-aged forests. The classification of stands based on lidar data was validated with data from measurements on permanent sample plots. Statistically significantly lower average values of the homogeneity index and higher values of the Shannon–Wiener index from field measurements confirm the success of the classification of stands based on lidar data as uneven-aged forests.
Ključne besede: uneven-aged forest, lidar data, canopy height model, voxels, canopy height diversity
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 13.08.2024; Ogledov: 1229; Prenosov: 1498
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10. Revealing subtle active tectonic deformation: integrating lidar, photogrammetry, field mapping, and geophysical surveys to assess the Late Quaternary activity of the Sava Fault (Southern Alps, Slovenia)Petra Jamšek Rupnik, Jure Atanackov, Barbara Horn, Branko Mušič, Marjana Zajc, Christoph Grützner, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Matevž Novak, Blaž Milanič, Anže Markelj, Kristina Ivančič, Ana Novak, Jernej Jež, Manja Žebre, Miloš Bavec, Marko Vrabec, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: We applied an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the late Quaternary activity of the Sava Fault in the Slovenian Southern Alps. The Sava Fault is an active strike-slip fault, and part of the Periadriatic Fault System that accommodated the convergence of Adria and Europe. It is one of the longest faults in the Southern Alps. Using high-resolution digital elevation models from lidar and photogrammetric surveys, we were able to overcome the challenges of assessing fault activity in a region with intense surface processes, dense vegetation, and relatively low fault slip rates. By integrating remote sensing analysis, geomorphological mapping, structural geological investigations, and near-surface geophysics (electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar), we were able to find subtle geomorphological indicators, detect near-surface deformation, and show distributed surface deformation and a complex fault pattern. Using optically stimulated luminescence dating, we tentatively estimated a slip rate of 1.8 ± 0.4 mm/a for the last 27 ka, which exceeds previous estimates and suggests temporal variability in fault behavior. Our study highlights the importance of modern high-resolution remote sensing techniques and interdisciplinary approaches in detecting tectonic deformation in relatively low-strain rate environments with intense surface processes. We show that slip rates can vary significantly depending on the studied time window. This is a critical piece of information since slip rates are a key input parameter for seismic hazard studies.
Ključne besede: active fault, lidar, photogrammetry, tectonic geomorphology, structural geology, geophysics, electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar, slip rate, Sava Fault
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 30.04.2024; Ogledov: 1856; Prenosov: 809
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