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Povzetek: Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNAB) is a well established diagnostic method in adult patients, but is rarely used in the paediatric population. The Clinical Department of Gastroenterology at the University Clinical Centre Ljubljana and the Department of Cytopathology at the Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, have been closely collaborating on EUS FNAB since the introduction in 2010. The aim of the study was to review the cases of EUS FNAB of pancreatic neoplasms in children. Patients and methods: In the digital archive of the Institute of Pathology (IP), Faculty of Medicine (FM), University of Ljubljana (UL), we found 6 cases of EUS FNAB in children, 3 had EUS FNAB of the pancreas, 2 of whom had a cytopathologic diagnosis of a tumour. In the first case, the lesion was ultrasonographically solid, and the cell sample contained branching papillary structures surrounded by aggregates of small cells with nuclear grooves. In the second case, the lesion was ultrasonographically cystic, and predominantly necrosis was seen, with only single preserved cells. Positive nuclear reaction for β-catenin was found in both cases by immunohistochemical staining. Results: In both cases, the cytopathological diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas was made, the cases represent the totality of paediatric cases of pancreatic neoplasms from the Children's Hospital Ljubljana since 2010. There were no adverse events during and after EUS FNAB. A histopathological examination of the tumour resection specimens confirmed the cytopathological diagnosis. Conclusions: Our experience indicates that EUS FNAB is a safe and effective method for diagnosing pancreatic neoplasms in the pediatric population, as supported by the findings in the literature.
Ključne besede: fine needle aspiration biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, pancreatic neoplasm, paediatric pathology
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 26.06.2026; Ogledov: 235; Prenosov: 169
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Povzetek: Background: The aim of the present study was to assess a diagnostic potential of stem cell markers NANOG and SOX2 for classifying cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs)/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Patients and methods: NANOG and SOX2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically on 40 patients: in 10 cases each of low-grade SIL (LSIL), high-grade SIL/CIN, grade 2 (HSIL/CIN 2), HSIL/CIN, grade 3 (HSIL/CIN 3), cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and their adjacent non-dysplastic squamous epithelium. In addition, human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping and immunohistochemical staining with p16 and Ki-67 were done. NANOG and SOX2 expression was compared between squamous lesions and controls and between squamous lesions by multiplying staining intensity (SI) by the percentage of positive cells (P) and by multiplying SI by the thickness of staining in epithelium (T) to calculate SI x P and SI x T score. Results: NANOG and SOX2 expression gradually increased from non-dysplastic squamous epithelium via LSIL and HSIL to CSCC. Expression of NANOG and SOX2 was higher in LSIL compared to controls (P < 0.05 for NANOG Si x P and Si x T scores and SOX2 SI x T score) and lower compared to HSIL (P < 0.05 for all SI x P and SI x T scores). HSIL/CIN 3 showed higher SOX2 expression than HSIL/CIN 2 (P < 0.05 for SI x P and SI x T scores). Conclusions: Contrary to p16, NANOG and SOX2 could be effective for distinguishing LSIL from non-dysplastic changes. NANOG and SOX2 could be surrogate markers for differentiating LSIL from HSIL. Moreover, SOX2 could be helpful for distinguishing HSIL/CIN 2 from HSIL/CIN 3. Further studies with larger numbers of patients and molecular insights are needed.
Ključne besede: cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, squamous intraepithelial lesion, cancer stem cell, NANOG, SOX2
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 17.06.2026; Ogledov: 312; Prenosov: 183
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Povzetek: Background. Microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma (MISCC) comprises a significant portion of all cervical cancers in Slovenia. Criteria of carcinomatous invasion are well described in the literature, however histopathological assessment of MISCC is difficult, because morphological characteristics can overlap with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) and other pathological changes. The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of the histopathological diagnosis of MISCC in Slovenia during the period from 2001 to 2007. Materials and methods. Data on patients with a histopathological diagnosis of cervical MISCC (FIGO stage IA) in the period of 2001 to 2007 were obtained from the Cancer Registry of Slovenia. Histological slides were obtained from the majority of pathology laboratories in Slovenia. We received 250 cases (69% of all MISCC) for the review; 30 control cases with CIN 3 and invasive squamous cell carcinoma FIGO stage IB were intermixed. The slides were coded and reviewed. Results. Among 250 cases originally diagnosed as MISCC, there was an agreement with MISCC diagnosis in 184 (73.6%) cases (of these 179/184 (97.3%) cases were FIGO stage IA1 and 5/184 (2.7%) cases were FIGO stage IA2). Among 179 FIGO stage IA1 cases 117 (65.4%) showed only early stromal invasion. Conclusions. The retrospective review of cases diagnosed as MISCC during the period 2001- 2007 in Slovenia showed a considerable number of overdiagnosed cases. Amongst cases with MISCC confirmed on review, there was a significant proportion with early stromal invasion (depth of invasion less than 1 mm).
Ključne besede: cervical cancer, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial neoplasia
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 11.04.2024; Ogledov: 1784; Prenosov: 752
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Povzetek: Background. Light microscopic evaluation of cell morphology in preparations from urine or bladder washing containing exfoliated cells is a standard and primary method for the detection of bladder cancer and also malignancy from other parts of the urinary tract. The cytopathologic examination is a valuablemethod to detect an early recurrence of malignancy or new primary carcinoma during the follow-up of patients after the treatment of bladder cancer. Conclusions. Characteristic cellular and nuclear signs of malignancy indicate invasive or in situ urothelial carcinoma or high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. However, low sensitivity of the method reflects the unreliable cytopathologic diagnosis of low-grade urothelial neoplasms as cellular and nuclear signs of malignancy in these neoplasms are poorly manifested. Many different markers were developed to improve the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma on urinary samples. UroVysionT test is among the newest and most promising tests. By the method of in situ hybridization one can detect specific cytogenetic changes of urothelial carcinoma.
Ključne besede: rak (medicina), diagnostika, citološka diagnostika, sečni mehur
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 18.03.2024; Ogledov: 1363; Prenosov: 433
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Povzetek: Eight of 29 patients with progressive CIN were followed for 2 to 10 years. Their consecutive Pap smears were destained and stained according to Feulgen thionin method. Cyto-Savant/TM high resolution image cytometer (Oncometrics Technol. Corp., Vancouver, Canaderage values of muclear texture features and their probability distributions for consecutive Pap smears from each patient were calculated. Three out of 5 discriminant MAC, highDNAamount, highDNAcomp and highDNAarea, were to increase as a function of time in 5 out of 8 patients. A preliminary analysis which was performed on non-standardized archival material demonstrated a monotonous increase of discrete texture features as a function of time in patients with progressive CIN.
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 19.01.2024; Ogledov: 1445; Prenosov: 465
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