1. Green synthesis of a magnetite/graphitic carbon nitride 2D nanocomposite for efficient ▫$Hg^{2+}$▫ remediationRaghuraj S. Chouhan, Jan Gačnik, Igor Živković, Sreekanth Vijayakumaran Nair, Nigel Willy Van de Velde, Alenka Vesel, Primož Šket, Sonu Gandhi, Ivan Jerman, Milena Horvat, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: Novel nanoadsorbents demonstrate the potential to efficiently eliminate harmful substances, such as Hg2+, from the environment while preserving ecological balance. However, the search for environmentally-friendly nanomaterials as ideal adsorbents, as well as the development of suitable synthesis protocols, remains a challenge. This study presents an effective thermal-sonication technique for producing unique de novo tris-s-triazine carbon nitride nanosheets decorated with magnetite nanoparticles (M-g-CN). The structural integrity and chemical properties of the M-g-CN nanocomposite were extensively characterized using a battery of analytical instruments, including FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, AFM, Raman, and NMR. The obtained data, along with the analysis results, are discussed in detail. The novel synthesis method yields a high percentage (97.7%) of stable, highly selective, and reusable M-g-CN (40 mg mL−1). The resulting M-g-CN effectively binds Hg2+, with binding efficiencies of 96.0%, 97.5%, 98.2%, and 99.4% for Hg2+ concentrations of 50 pg mL−1 in marine, stream, precipitation, and ultra-pure matrices, respectively. Also, the magnetite-decorated particles can be easily retrieved using an applied magnetic field. This greener and scalable synthesis method does not require harsh chemicals, making it cost-effective, eco-friendly, and non-toxic compared to other technologies such as carbon filters, ion exchange resins, chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, electrochemical methods, and biological remediation. Overall, the synthesized M-g-CN exhibits wide-ranging potential applications, particularly as a green adsorbent in passive samplers or materials for remediation purposes.
Ključne besede: mercury, elimination, nanoadsorbents, nanocomposites
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 05.01.2026; Ogledov: 282; Prenosov: 107
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2. Detection of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via ultra-sensitive bio-functionalized carbonnitride-reduced graphene oxide electrochemical immunosensing platform in real samplesMohd. Abubakar Sadique, Shalu Yadav, Pushpesh Ranjan, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Ivan Jerman, Ashok Kumar, Saurabh Saigal, Sagar Khadanga, Raju Khan, Avanish K. Srivastava, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: In this work, we fabricate a facile de novo synthesis route to prepare bio-functionalized carbon nitride-reduced graphene oxide with chitosan (Chi) nanocomposite (C3N4/RGO/Chi). The nitrogen-rich C3N4 has been synthesized through facile and low-cost thermal oxidation and offers a metal-free and highly active surface for synergistic modification with RGO and Chi. Moreover, the synergistically incorporated C3N4/RGO and biopolymer improve the electrocatalytic activity, provide surface functionalities, and enhance electroconductivity for immunosensing applications. Consequently, the bio-functionalized C3N4/RGO nanocomposite provides a suitable substrate for the immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein. The immunosensor detects SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a wide detection range from 10 zg mL−1 (10 × 10−21 g mL−1) to 100 ng mL−1 with an ultra-low detection limit (LOD) of 3.31 zg mL−1. The validation of the immunosensor was also carried out on spiked serum samples, which show a linear detection range of 100 ag mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1 and a LOD of 1.73 ag mL−1. Nevertheless, the clinical diagnostic application of the immunosensor is validated through the examination of real serum samples from COVID-19 patients. The results suggest that the immunosensor can be efficiently used as a screening platform to distinguish between positive and negative samples with high accuracy. The findings of the work have the potential to translate the immunosensing strategy into next-generation point-of-care testing (POCT) of various infectious diseases.
Ključne besede: SARS-CoV-2, detection, nanomaterials
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Ogledov: 252; Prenosov: 141
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3. Emerging and promising multifunctional nanomaterial for textile application based on graphitic carbon nitride heterostructure nanocompositesDominika Glažar, Ivan Jerman, Brigita Tomšič, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Barbara Simončič, 2023, pregledni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: g-C3N4, Ag, TiO2, nanomaterial, heterostructures, textile, functionalization
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Ogledov: 227; Prenosov: 148
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4. Boosting copper biocidal activity by silver decoration and few-layer graphene in coatings on textile fibersDanaja Štular, Nigel Willy Van de Velde, Ana Drinčić, Polona Kogovšek, Arijana Filipić, Katja Fric, Barbara Simončič, Brigita Tomšič, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Sivasambu Bohm, Suresh Kr. Verma, P.K. Panda, Ivan Jerman, 2023, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the importance of developing antiviral surface coatings that are capable of repelling pathogens and neutralizing them through self-sanitizing properties. In this study, a novel coating design based on few-layer graphene (FLG) is proposed and silver-decorated micro copper flakes (CuMF) that exhibit both antibacterial and antiviral properties. The role of sacrificial anode surfaces and intrinsic graphene defects in enhancing the release of metal ions from CuMF embedded in water-based binders is investigated. In silico analysis is conducted to better understand the molecular interactions of pathogen-repelling species with bacterial or bacteriophage proteins. The results show that the optimal amount of CuMF/FLG in the coating leads to a significant reduction in bacterial growth, with reductions of 3.17 and 9.81 log for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The same coating also showed high antiviral efficacy, reducing bacteriophage phi6 by 5.53 log. The antiviral efficiency of the coating is find to be doubled compared to either micro copper flakes or few-layer graphene alone. This novel coating design is versatile and can be applied to various substrates, such as personal protective clothing and face masks, to provide biocidal activity against both bacterial and viral pathogens.
Ključne besede: antibacterial, antiviral, copper micro flakes, few-layer graphene, pathogen-repelling coating
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Ogledov: 218; Prenosov: 139
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5. Recent advancements in the development of Two-Dimensional nanostructured based anode materials for stable power density in microbial fuel cellsRaghuraj S. Chouhan, Sonu Gandhi, Suresh Kr. Verma, Ivan Jerman, Syed Baker, Marko Štrok, 2023, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The demand for alternative energy sources from non-recyclable waste materials will be a hot research topic in future industries. This interest is primarily due to the ability to harness energy from waste materials, the provision of localized power solutions, and the promotion of efficient power conversation. In this respect, Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) represent new energy sources possessing unique qualities for many applications. MFC generates power by utilising exoelectrogens forming the biofilm on the surface of the anode. Since in the MFC, wastewater is primarily converted into protons and electrons at the anode surface, where biofilms typically develop, the anode becomes the most vital component. Consequently, significant research has been conducted on anode material to improve MFC performance. The present review focuses on different aspects of the MFC, including a comprehensive summary of the recent developments in the field of MFCs, including a state-of-the-art literature review based on a bibliometric analysis using keywords, a description of the mechanism and operational principle of MFC, applications and a summary of current research perspectives including the use of carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, MXene, and their nanocomposites as anode materials with stable power density performance. Lastly, we present the challenges and future perspectives regarding the continued development of MFC anode materials, culminating in overall conclusions related to MFC research.
Ključne besede: microbial fuel cells, 2D nanomaterial, power density, nanocomposite, Anode
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Ogledov: 262; Prenosov: 160
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6. The posterity of Zebrafish in paradigm of in vivo molecular toxicological profilingSuresh Kr. Verma, Ivan Jerman, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Mrutyunjay Suar, 2024, pregledni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted.
Ključne besede: zebrafish, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicty, drug screening
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Ogledov: 225; Prenosov: 182
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7. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor using carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride-nanogold composite for SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding proteinP.R. Ramya, Shivmuni Sarup, Ivan Jerman, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Sonu Gandhi, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The global response to COVID-19 has exposed critical gaps in rapid, ultrasensitive, and accessible diagnostic technologies, particularly in decentralised and low-resource environments. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor designed for ultrasensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein. This platform was rationally engineered nanocomposite combined with carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride (cGCN) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which synergistically enhance surface reactivity, electron transfer efficiency, and biomolecular interface stability. Hybrid nanomaterials can overcome the kinetic and sensitivity barriers of traditional biosensors, and a cGCN/AuNP hybrid was fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes and functionalized with in-house generated anti-RBD antibodies. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation confirmed the successful integration and surface engineering of the composite. Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry, the sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 fM and demonstrated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.65 fM. This performance exceeds that of many existing SARS-CoV-2 antigen based biosensors and underscores the utility of rational nanomaterial design for high-precision point-of-care viral diagnostics. This approach is readily adaptable for detecting emerging viral pathogens and supporting future pandemic preparedness.
Ključne besede: graphitic carbon nitride
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Ogledov: 534; Prenosov: 170
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8. Surface-engineered Ag/TiO2/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites on cotton textiles for multifunctional photocatalytic, UV shielding, and antibacterial performanceDominika Glažar, Brigita Tomšič, Ivan Jerman, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Andraž Šuligoj, Matija Zorc, Albin Pintar, Janez Kovač, Andraž Krajnc, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Barbara Simončič, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Ključne besede: textile, multifunctional, nanocomposites, g-C3N4, titanium dioxide, silver
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Ogledov: 262; Prenosov: 149
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9. Airbrushing : a novel method for preparation of high-emissivity black coating for infrared measurementVictor Regis de Moraes, Geoff Brennecka, Urban Tomc, Andrej Kitanovski, Jan Cerar, Jaka Tušek, Ivan Jerman, Enric Stern-Taulats, Klara Lünser, Lluís Mañosa, Hana Uršič Nemevšek, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Povzetek: The reliability of infrared (IR) imaging is strongly dependent on the surface emissivity of the investigated object. Achieving near-unity emissivity is essential to IR measurement accuracy. To meet this requirement, black paint coatings are commonly applied onto the studied samples. However, there is a lack of a systematic study of the coating preparation for IR measurements. In this work, a new procedure is developed for the preparation of black paint coatings using the cost-effective airbrush tool. With this novel method, it can achieve black paint coatings as thin as ≈3 µm or thicker, depending on the number of layers. The coatings are homogeneous and with excellent adhesion to the substrate. Furthermore, the coatings can be entirely removed from the substrate using conventional laboratory solutions. The coatings exhibited an average emissivity of ≈0.95 within the 0.5–2.5 µm wavelength range. The quality of the coatings is validated by directly measuring the magnetocaloric response of a commercially available material, which is in excellent agreement with the supplier's datasheet. In this way, a novel affordable black coating method is showcased, which can be applied on a wide variety of samples for IR measurements, broadening the possibilities for IR characterizations.
Ključne besede: airbrushing, infrared thermal camera
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 21.11.2025; Ogledov: 297; Prenosov: 201
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