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Ključne besede: diagnostika, virusi, viroidi, fitoplazme, varstvo rastlin
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 02.02.2026; Ogledov: 164; Prenosov: 12
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Povzetek: Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) poses a growing threat to tomato and pepper crops, yet its epidemiology remains largelyunexplored. This study aimed to investigate water- and soil-mediated transmission of ToMMV under controlled conditions. Theexperiment involved mechanical inoculation of tomato plants, which demonstrated that infectious ToMMV particles remainedviable in water up to 27 weeks at a 10−2 dilution. In hydroponic systems, ToMMV present in the nutrient solution caused systemicinfection in bait plants within 5–17 weeks, depending on the severity of root injury, while infection was not observed in plantswith intact roots even after 38 weeks of exposure. The transmission of the pathogen via irrigation was also confirmed in an ex-periment where seedlings and seed-derived plants grown in substrate (roots were not deliberately injured) were irrigated withToMMV-contaminated water, resulting in infection 6 and 10 weeks after the start of exposure, respectively. The soil-mediatedtransmission process was further verified by planting healthy seedlings and seeds into previously contaminated substrate, re-sulting in infection within a period of 3–18 weeks. These findings emphasise the need for upgrading integrated managementstrategies, including water quality monitoring and reliable, rapid diagnostics, to mitigate the spread of ToMMV in greenhouseproduction systems. To support the development of effective monitoring strategies, the study also assessed the performance oftwo isothermal amplification assays for potential on-site detection of ToMMV in water. A recombinase-polymerase amplification(RPA) assay exhibited sensitivity comparable to that of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and reliably detected ToMMV incrude water samples without RNA extraction.
Ključne besede: RPA assay, RT- qPCR, survival, tomato, tomato mottle mosaic virus, water-linked epidemiology
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.01.2026; Ogledov: 203; Prenosov: 117
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Povzetek: In July 2024, a pooled leaf sample (D760/24) was collected from several plants of three watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus cvs. Crimson Sweet, Asahi Miyako Hybrid F1 and Top Gun) grown in an open field (approx. 0.5ha) in Dombrava, Slovenia. The plants which were included in the pooled sample showed virus-like symptoms, such as leaf mosaic, wilting and necrosis (eXtra Supplementary material Fig. S1). The disease incidence was estimated at 10%. DNA and RNA were extracted following Mehle et al. (2013) and RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) protocols, respectively. The sample was tested positive by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR for watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus 1 (WCLaV-1) and WCLaV-2 ( Hernandez et al. 2021) and negative for other viruses (details on viruses tested and primers used are available in eXtra Table S1). The obtained amplicons of expected sizes of WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 movement protein (MP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes (eXtra Fig S2) were then subjected to Sanger sequencing (Eurofins Genomics, Germany) and BLAST analysis. The MP (PQ570004, PQ570006) and the RdRp (PQ570005, PQ570007) sequences exhibited 100% identity with multiple accessions of WCLaV-1, such as PP792977 and PP792976, and WCLaV-2, such as LC636073 and LC636074. Illumina high-throughput sequencing (HTS, Novogene, Germany, NovaSeq X Plus, PE150) identified WCLaV-1 (PV012703-04) and WCLaV-2 (PV012705-06) reads, along with cucumis melo amalgavirus 1 (CmAV1, PV012707) and solanum nigrum ilarvirus 1 reads (insufficient reads to reconstruct genome segments, it may originate from pollen contamination of nearby infected plants in the field (Rivarez et al. 2023)). HTS data were analyzed in CLC Genomics Workbench v. 24 (Qiagen, USA) using the pipeline by (Pecman et al. 2022). Consensus genome sequences were reconstructed by iterative read mapping to the most similar reference sequence of the virus obtained from NCBI GenBank. To check for WCLaVs in watermelon seeds sold in Slovenia, we tested five seed samples from Sugar Baby, Crimstar F1, and Crimson Sweet (three lots) by RT-PCR. We also tested four leaf samples from plants grown from these seeds at 3-5 true leaves stage. Both viruses were found in all seed and leaf extracts. However, mechanical inoculations with the sap of two samples (plants grown from infected seed sample and sample D760/24) on several commonly used indicator plants including Chenopodium quinoa, Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley, Nicotiana rustica, Datura stramonium, Cucurbita pepo cv. Bianca di Trieste, and Cucurbita maxima did not result in their infection. Retrospective analyses of our HTS data of two watermelon and 84 other cucurbits samples from previous years showed WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 reads in two pooled samples (containing equal amount of RNA of each sample): one from 2018 and another from 2019. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of WCLaVs only in watermelons. The pool from 2018 was sequenced at GATC (Germany, NovaSeq 6000 S2, PE 150) and from 2019 in-house using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (UK, MinION Mk1B device, SQK-PCS108, R9 flow cell). All HTS reads are deposited in the NCBI Short Reads Archive (PRJNA1202089). This is the first report of WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 in Slovenia and Europe, the two viruses which were included to the Alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, due to limited knowledge about their epidemiology (EPPO 2023). Further research is necessary to determine the incidence of these viruses in Europe, elucidate their epidemiology, symptoms association and their potential impact on the production of watermelons in the region.
Ključne besede: WCLaV-1, WCLaV-2, watermelon, viruses, diagnostics
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 22.04.2025; Ogledov: 882; Prenosov: 394
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Ključne besede: diagnostika, virusi, bakterije, fitoplazme, varstvo rastlin
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 03.02.2025; Ogledov: 1047; Prenosov: 0
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Ključne besede: ToBRFV, ToMMV, tobamovirusi, epidemiologija, voda kot vir okužb, poročila
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 28.11.2024; Ogledov: 1118; Prenosov: 769
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