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1.
In vitro genotoxicity assessment of commercially available graphene quantum dots in human peripheral blood cells and salivary leukocytes
Tamara Ćetković Pećar, Irma Durmišević, Mirta Milić, Anja Haverić, Bojana Žegura, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: Commercially available graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are promising nanomaterials for applications in research and preclinical diagnostics, drug delivery, and bioimaging. Their bioactivity is highly dependent on dose, route of exposure, duration, cell type, uptake mechanisms, tissue and cellular distribution, and physicochemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate genotoxic, cytotoxic, and cytostatic endpoints of blue- (B-GQDs) and greenemitting (G-GQDs) GQDs in human blood and salivary leukocytes. GQDs were tested at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 100 μg/mL using distinct treatment periods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), trypan blue exclusion, comet, and cytokinesisblock micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assays were performed. FTIR analysis revealed that G-GQDs, unlike B-GQDs, exhibit an absorption band typically associated with amine functional groups, which may contribute to their pronounced genotoxic effects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and salivary leukocytes showed higher sensitivity to G-GQDs compared to whole blood samples. Although no cytotoxic effects were observed, both GQDs induced significant DNA damage, with G-GQDs demonstrating greater genotoxic potential. These findings demonstrate that GQDs can induce DNA damage in the absence of detectable cytotoxic effects under the conditions tested, highlighting the importance of considering both physicochemical properties and cellular models in the safety assessment of nanomaterials.
Ključne besede: GQDs, FTIR, DNA damage, cell viability, micronuclei
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 23.06.2026; Ogledov: 145; Prenosov: 124
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2.
In vitro toxicity assessment of graphene quantum dots using a 3D HepG2 model
Irma Durmišević, Anja Haverić, Sonja Žabkar, Alja Štern, Katja Kološa, Petra Jenuš, Iza Rozman, Bojana Žegura, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek

Povzetek: In the present study, two types of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were investigated: green-emitting (G-GQDs) and blue-emitting (B-GQDs). Physicochemical characterisation was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, and hydrodynamic radius measurements to evaluate the morphology, particle size, aggregation behaviour, and colloidal stability of the GQDs in both water and cell culture medium. G-GQDs exhibited superior colloidal stability and more uniform dispersion than B-GQDs, whereas both types showed reduced aggregation and surface charge in cell culture medium due to protein corona formation. Toxicological characterisation was performed using an in vitro human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) 3D spheroid model, with GQDs exposures up to 250 µg/mL (100 µg/cm2). Cytotoxicity was measured using the CellTiter-Glo luminometric assay, while genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet assay and flow cytometric analysis of γH2AX and phosphorylated histone H3 (p-H3) after 24 h of exposure. Both GQDs induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in HepG2 spheroids. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed, as determined by the comet assay. However, no evidence of DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX) or elevated p-H3 levels was detected, suggesting the absence of clastogenic and aneugenic activity. The observed DNA single-strand breaks may be partly attributed to reactive oxygen species induction. These results indicate that, although GQDs induced cytotoxicity and single-strand DNA damage, no clear evidence of more severe genotoxic effects was observed under the tested conditions. Further studies are warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms and comprehensively assess the safety profile of GQDs for biomedical applications.
Ključne besede: nanomaterials, graphene quantum dots, HepG2 spheroids, toxicity
Objavljeno v DiRROS: 19.03.2026; Ogledov: 452; Prenosov: 161
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