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2. Lizard host abundances and climatic factors explain phylogenetic diversity and prevalence of blood parasites on an oceanic islandRodrigo Megía-Palma, Gemma Palomar, Javier Martínez, Bernardo Antunes, Katarzyna Dudek, Anamarija Žagar, Nina Guerra Serén, Miguel A. Carretero, Wiesław Babik, Santiago Merino, 2023, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: 1. Host abundance might favour the maintenance of a high phylogenetic diversity of some parasites via rapid transmission rates. Blood parasites of insular lizards represent a good model to test this hypothesis because these parasites can be particularly prevalent in islands and host lizards highly abundant. 2. We applied deep amplicon sequencing and analysed environmental predictors of blood parasite prevalence and phylogenetic diversity in the endemic lizard Gallotia galloti across 24 localities on Tenerife, an island in the Canary archipelago that has experienced increasing warming and drought in recent years. 3. Parasite prevalence assessed by microscopy was over 94% and a higher proportion of infected lizards was found in warmer and drier locations. A total of 33 different 18s rRNA parasite haplotype were identified and the phylogenetic analyses indicated that they belong to two genera of Adeleorina (Apicomplexa: Coccidia), with Karyolysus as the dominant genus. The most important predictor of between-locality variation in parasite phylogenetic diversity was the abundance of lizard hosts. 4. A combination of climatic and host demographic factors associated with an insular syndrome may be favouring a rapid transmission of blood parasites among lizards on Tenerife, which may favour the maintenance of a high phylogenetic diversity of parasites.
Keywords: lizards, parasites, genetics, biogeography, habitat, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 350; Downloads: 208
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3. Time changes everything: A multispecies analyses of temporal patterns in evaporative water loss - data : version v1Anamarija Žagar, Miguel A. Carretero, Maarten De Groot, 2022, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: The dataset was analysed in the manuscript “Žagar A., Carretero, M.A., de Groot M. (accepted) Time changes everything: A multispecies analyses of temporal patterns in evaporative water loss. Oecologia” The dataset consisted out of water loss by 23 populations of lizards from 16 different species and three families which was compiled from several different studies. All studies used the same standardized protocols. During the experiment every hour for 12 hours, the body weight of the lizard was measured (in total 13 measurements per lizard). The species name (SP), the snout-vent length of the animal (SVL, in millimetres), altitude (m a.s.l.), sampling location (site name, latitude and longitude), weight (in grams), sex (M=male, F=female), code of the individual lizard (CODE), date of experiment (DATE_H) and the reference of the study were noted down (full references are available in the manuscript). Per column the instantaneous water loss values (EWLi) were recorded per hour measured. First hour was EWLi8, second hour was EWLi9, etc. The EWLi was calculated by the weight minus the weight in the next hour divided by the weight multiplied by 100 ((Wn – Wn+1 / Wn) × 100).
Keywords: lizards, ecophysiology, water loss, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 318; Downloads: 174
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4. Potential metabolic activity, catalase activity, performance traits and morphological variables of 94 individuals belonging to Podarcis muralis species used in the analysis : version v1Anamarija Žagar, Veronica Gomes, Guillem Pérez i de Lanuza, Tatjana Simčič, Miguel A. Carretero, 2022, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: Potential Metabolic Activity (ETS26_P, ETS31_P, ETS36_P), Catalase Activity (CAT_P), Performance traits (BITE, SPRINT,CLIMB, MANO) and Morphological variables (snout-vent length (SVL), trunk length (TRL), pileus length (PL), head length (HL), head width (HW), head height (HH), fore limb length (FLL) and hind limb length (HLL) of 94 individuals belonging to Podarcis muralis species. The data was used in the analysis of the paper entitled: Is It Function or Fashion? An Integrative Analysis of Morphology, Performance, and Metabolism in a Colour Polymorphic Lizard, by authors Verónica Gomes, Anamarija Žagar, Guillem Pérez i de Lanuza, Tatjana Simčič and Miguel A. Carretero, published in the journal Diversity 2022, 14, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14020116
Keywords: lizards, morphology, viviparity, sexual dimorphism, climate change, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 375; Downloads: 242
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5. Size, age, telomere and ecophysiology data of Gallotia galloti lizard species sampled in Tenerife : version v1Nina Guerra Serén, Rodrigo Megía-Palma, Tatjana Simčič, Miha Krofel, Fabio Maria Guarino, Catarina Pinho, Anamarija Žagar, Miguel A. Carretero, 2023, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: The dataset is used in the manuscript "Nina Serén, Rodrigo Megía-Palma, Tatjana Simčič, Miha Krofel, Fabio Maria Guarino, Catarina Pinho, Anamarija Žagar, Miguel A. Carretero. Functional responses in a lizard along a 3.5 km altitudinal gradient. Journal of Biogeography (under review)." The dataset consists of measurements of individual lizards of the species Gallotia galloti, each tagged with a unique CODE. Data include year of sampling, population name, exact elevation (in meters above sea level) and approximate elevation (rounded to the nearest hundred, in meters), and sex. Measurements were as follows: Snout Vent Length (in millimeters), Mass (in grams), AGE_Consensus (in years), Relative Telomere Length, PMA(29ºC, 33 ºC and 37ºC) (Potential metabolic activity measured at experimental conditions of 29˚C, 33ºC and 37ºC, respectively,in µLO2/mg prot/h), Catalase (in relative units U/mg protein), EWLa (accumulated evaporative water loss (in grams) and Temperature_8AM-5PM (measurements of cloacal temperature at hourly intervals starting at 8AM and ending at 5PM).
Keywords: lizards, ecophysiology, oxydative stress, telomeres, climate change, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 419; Downloads: 253
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6. Dataset of article Different patterns for different components of thermal physiology? A preliminary analysis with five lacertid lizards : version v1Anamarija Žagar, 2023, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: The dataset is used in the manuscript "Different patterns for different components of thermal physiology? A preliminary analysis with five lacertid lizards" by authors Anamarija Žagar, Rodrigo Megía-Palma, Tatjana Simčič, Urban Dajčman, Frederico M. Barroso, Senka Baškiera, Miguel A. Carretero (submitted). The dataset consists of measurements of individual lizards of five Lacertid species, each tagged with a unique ID. Data include location of capture, sex, and elevation. Measurements were as follows: Snout Vent Length (SVL, in millimeters), Weight (in grams), Tail length (in millimeters), Haemoglobin concentration (measured 3 times: Hb1-Hb3, and calculated mean: Hb_MEAN), Catalase (in relative units U/mg protein), Carbonyl concentration (nmole carbonyl/mg protein), Potential metabolic activity (measured at four temperature treatments: 28ºC, 30ºC, 32 ºC and 34ºC: PMA 28, 30, 32 and 34, in µLO2/mg prot/h).
Keywords: lizards, ecophysiology, oxidative stress, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 340; Downloads: 194
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7. Viviparity is associated with larger female size and higher sexual size dimorphism in a reproductively bimodal lizardEvgeny S. Roitberg, Hans Recknagel, K. R. Elmer, Florentino Braña, Tania Rodríguez Díaz, Anamarija Žagar, Valentina Nikolaevna Kuranova, Lidiya Alekseevna Epova, Dirk Bauwens, Giovani Giovine, V. F. Orlova, N. A. Bulakhova, Galina Eplanova, Oscar Arribas, 2025, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: Squamate reptiles are central for studying phenotypic correlates of evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity because these transitions are numerous, with many of them being recent. Several models of life-history theory predict that viviparity is associated with increased female size, and thus more female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Yet the corresponding empirical evidence is overall weak and inconsistent. The lizard Zootoca vivipara, which occupies a major part of Northern Eurasia and includes four viviparous and two non-sister oviparous lineages, represents an excellent model for testing these predictions. We analysed how sex-specific body size and SSD is associated with parity mode, using body length data for nearly 14,000 adult individuals from 97 geographically distinct populations, which cover almost the entire species’ range and represent all six lineages. Our analyses controlled for lineage identity, climatic seasonality (the strongest predictor of geographic body size variation in previous studies of this species), and several aspects of data heterogeneity. Parity mode, lineage, and seasonality are significantly associated with female size and SSD; the first two predictors accounted for 14–26% of the total variation each, while seasonality explained 5–7%. Viviparous populations exhibited a larger female size than oviparous populations, with no concomitant differences in male size. Variation of male size was overall low and poorly explained by our predictors. Albeit fully expected from theory, the strong female bias of the body size differences between oviparous and viviparous populations found in Z. vivipara is not evident from available data on three other lizard systems of closely related lineages differing in parity mode. We confront this pattern with the data on female reproductive traits in the considered systems and the frequencies of evolutionary changes of parity mode in the corresponding lizard families and speculate why the life-history correlates of live-bearing in Z. vivipara are distinct. Comparing conspecific populations, our study provides the most direct evidence for the predicted effect of parity mode on adult body size but also demonstrates that the revealed pattern may not be general. This might explain why across squamates, viviparity is only weakly associated with larger size.
Keywords: lizards, morphology, viviparity, sexual dimorphism, climate change, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 358; Downloads: 226
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8. Data from: A metabolic syndrome in terrestrial ectotherms with different elevational and distribution patternsAnamarija Žagar, Miguel A. Carretero, Diana Marguč, Tatjana Simčič, Al Vrezec, 2018, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: The metabolic performance of ectotherms is expected to be driven by the environment in which they live. Ecologically similar species with contrasting elevation distributions occurring in sympatry at mid-elevations, provide good models for studying how physiological responses to temperature vary as a function of adaptation to different elevations.. Under sympatry, at middle elevations, where divergent species ranges overlap, sympatric populations are expected to have similar thermal responses, suggesting similar local acclimation or adaptation, while observed differences would suggest adaptation to each species’ core range. We analysed the metabolic traits of sympatric species pairs from three ectotherm groups: reptiles (Reptilia: Lacertidae), amphibians (Amphibia: Salamandridae) and beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), living at different elevations, in order to test how adaptation to different elevations affects metabolic responses to temperature. We experimentally tested the thermal response of respiration rate (RR) and estimated potential metabolic activity (PMA) at three temperature regimes surrounding the groups’ optimal activity body temperatures. RR was relatively similar among groups and showed a positive response to increasing temperature, which was more pronounced in the high-elevation species of reptiles and beetles. Relative to RR, PMA displayed a stronger and more consistent positive response to increased temperature in all three groups. For all three groups, the average biochemical capacity for metabolism (PMA) was higher in the range-restricted, high-elevation species, and this difference increased at higher temperatures in a consistent manner. These results, indicating consistent pattern in three independently evolved animal groups, suggest a ubiquitous adaptive syndrome and represent a novel understanding of the mechanisms shaping spatial biodiversity patterns. Our results also highlight the importance of geographic patterns for the mechanistic understanding of adaptations in physiological traits, including species’ potential to respond/adapt to global climate changes.
Keywords: lizards, morphology, physiology, metabolism, climate change, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 361; Downloads: 207
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9. Effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on asymmetries and head size in two sympatric lizard speciesAjša Alagić, Miha Krofel, Marko Lazić, Anamarija Žagar, 2020, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: Organisms face numerous environmental stressors, which can affect developmental precision. Developmental instability can be used as an efficient and reliable bioindicator of environmental stressors and individual health. However, little information is available about effects of interspecific interactions on occurrence of developmental instability. We analyzed fluctuating asymmetry in two sympatric lizard species (Iberolacerta horvathi and Podarcis muralis), which exhibit a competitive interaction, to determine potential effects of altitude, interspecific competition and urbanization on a set of physical characteristics. We sampled 16 syntopic and allotopic populations and used methods of geometric morphometrics to analyze head morphology. We detected significant effect of altitude, but the trend was not linear: lizards had most asymmetrical heads at mid altitudes, which could be related to lower availability of favorable lizard habitats (open areas) at this altitude and therefore higher competition. We observed that lizards from allotopic populations attained larger head sizes compared to lizards in syntopy that experienced interspecific competition. This could suggest that in sites where competing species is absent, individuals can invest more energy in the development of the body. Moreover, head shape of Iberolacerta horvathi was more asymmetric compared to Podarcis muralis, which could indicate difference between species in the vulnerability to stress effects. We did not detect any statistically significant effect of urbanization, which could relate to relatively low degree of pollution and habitat degradation in our study area. Our results highlight the possibility of using lizards and developmental instability for bioindication of environmental stressors.
Keywords: lizards, morphology, ecology, asymmetries, data
Published in DiRROS: 27.10.2025; Views: 262; Downloads: 185
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10. Data from: Towards a functional understanding of species coexistence: ecomorphological variation in relation to whole-organism performance in two sympatric lizardsAnamarija Žagar, Miguel A. Carretero, Al Vrezec, Katarina Drašler, Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou, 2018, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: 1. We examined intra- and interspecific variation in functional morphology and whole-organism performance in a sympatric lizard species pair, Iberolacerta horvathi and Podarcis muralis, in the area with a high potential for competition. 2. The biggest variation between species was found in two functional traits, bite force and climbing speed, linked with corresponding morphological traits. 3. The species with larger and taller heads, P. muralis, exhibited correspondingly stronger bite forces. The other species exhibited smaller and flatter head. Both traits may potentially promote segregation between species in trophic niche (stronger bites relate to harder prey) and in refuge use (flatter heads allow using narrower crevices, hence, influencing escaping from common predators). Stronger bites and larger heads also provide one species with a dominant position in interspecific agonistic interactions. 4. Females had longer trunks that impacted negatively on climbing speed, which may lower anti-predator escape abilities of the more trunk-dimorphic species, but positively influence reproductive effort. 5. Our results exemplify how the joint examination of morphological and functional traits of ecologically similar and sympatric species can provide a mechanistic background for understanding their coexistence, namely syntopic populations that are frequent in the study area. 6. The identified roles of functional morphology in this system of sympatric rock lizards support the contribution of functional diversification for the complexity of community structure via coexistence.
Keywords: lizards, morphology, ecology, data
Published in DiRROS: 24.10.2025; Views: 413; Downloads: 231
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