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1.
Harmonised statistics and maps of forest biomass and increment in Europe
Valerio Avitabile, Roberto Pilli, Mirco Migliavacca, Bogdan Grégory Henry E. Duveiller, Andrea Camia, Viorel Blujdea, Radim Adolt, Iciar Alberdi, Susana Barreiro, Susann Bender, Mitja Skudnik, 2024, original scientific article

Abstract: Forest biomass is an essential resource in relation to the green transition and its assessment is key for the sustainable management of forest resources. Here, we present a forest biomass dataset for Europe based on the best available inventory and satellite data, with a higher level of harmonisation and spatial resolution than other existing data. This database provides statistics and maps of the forest area, biomass stock and their share available for wood supply in the year 2020, and statistics on gross and net volume increment in 2010–2020, for 38 European countries. The statistics of most countries are available at a sub-national scale and are derived from National Forest Inventory data, harmonised using common reference definitions and estimation methodology, and updated to a common year using a modelling approach. For those counties without harmonised statistics, data were derived from the State of Europe’s Forest 2020 Report at the national scale. The maps are coherent with the statistics and depict the spatial distribution of the forest variables at 100 m resolution.
Keywords: harmonised statistics, harmonised maps, forest biomass, gorest increment, Europe
Published in DiRROS: 11.03.2024; Views: 80; Downloads: 38
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2.
Effect of demineralization and ball milling treatments on the properties of Arundo donax and olive stone-derived biochar
Mariem Zouari, Laetitia Sarah Jennifer Marrot, David Brian DeVallance, 2024, original scientific article

Abstract: The structural and physio-chemical properties of biochar are crucial to determining biochar’s quality and the adequate application. Specifically, the large porosity of biochar has been known as a favorable feature, especially for environmental remediation. In this regard, physical and chemical modifications have been used to improve biochar’s porosity which requires high-energy consumption and involves chemical agents. The objective of this study was to prepare biochar with developed porosity using mild treatments. Arundo donax and olive stone were demineralized by a water-washing method. Treated and non-treated biomasses were pyrolyzed, and part of the derived samples was subjected to wet ball milling. Samples were characterized with proximate, Fourier transform infrared, particle size, and physisorption analyses. The effect of demineralization depended on the biomass type, as ash reduction only influenced Arundo donax-derived biochar, which was attributed to the difference in initial ash content that was relatively low for olive stone. The carbonization yield decreased by 46% for the Arundo donax biomass after demineralization. Moreover, demineralization expanded the surface area and total pore volume of the Arundo donax biochar. The ball milling was effective in producing micro-sized biochar particles with a mean size ranging between 30 ± 2 µm and 42 ± 2 µm and between 13 ± 1 µm and 22 ± 2 µm for Arundo donax and olive stone without and with demineralization, respectively. Ball milling increased the surface area of non-demineralized Arundo donax by 47% and demineralized Arundo donax by 124%. Additionally, ball milling increased the surface area of non-demineralized olive stone by 65% and demineralized olive stone by 62%.
Keywords: biomass, carbonisation, porosity
Published in DiRROS: 13.02.2024; Views: 104; Downloads: 62
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3.
Evaluation of ash pozzolanic activity by means of the strength activity index test, frattini test and DTA/TG analysis
Sabina Dolenec, Vilma Ducman, 2018, original scientific article

Abstract: The pozzolanic activity of five different types of ash was studied using various direct and indirect methods. In addition to strength activity index (SAI) determination and the Frattini test, ash pozzolanicity was assessed via differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses (DTA/TG) after curing for 7, 28 and 90 days. The results showed that, due to their respective mineralogical, chemical and physical characteristics, the ashes exhibited different levels of pozzolanic activity in terms of the amount of lime with which they could chemically bind, as well as reaction kinetics. Although SAI and Frattini test results were not in agreement in the case of some of the ashes, DTA/TG analysis revealed that a certain amount of portlandite was consumed, thus confirming the occurrence of a pozzolanic reaction. The results also showed that ashes with higher amounts of reactive SiO2 were more reactive, while those with higher BET surface areas displayed a faster pozzolanic reaction rate.
Keywords: biomass ash, DTA/TG, fly ash, Frattini test, pozzolanic activity, SAI
Published in DiRROS: 11.12.2023; Views: 156; Downloads: 76
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4.
Recovery of phosphorus and metals from the ash of sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, or wood biomass : a review and proposals for further use
Sara Tominc, Vilma Ducman, Wolfgang Wisniewski, Terttu Luukkonen, Kirkelund Gunvor M., Ottosen Lisbeth M., 2023, original scientific article

Abstract: This review provides an overview of methods to extract valuable resources from the ash fractions of sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and wood biomass combustion. The resources addressed here include critical raw materials, such as phosphorus, base and precious metals, and rare earth elements for which it is increasingly important to tap into secondary sources in addition to the mining of primary raw materials. The extraction technologies prioritized in this review are based on recycled acids or excess renewable energy to achieve an optimum environmental profile for the extracted resources and provide benefits in the form of local industrial symbioses. The extraction methods cover all scarce and valuable chemical elements contained in the ashes above certain concentration limits. Another important part of this review is defining potential applications for the mineral residues remaining after extraction. Therefore, the aim of this review is to combine the knowledge of resource extraction technology from ashes with possible applications of mineral residues in construction and related sectors to fully close material cycle loops.
Keywords: critical raw materials, extraction, sewage sludge ash, municipal solid waste incineration ash, wood biomass ash
Published in DiRROS: 03.11.2023; Views: 328; Downloads: 115
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5.
Methodology for evaluating the CO2 sequestration capacity of waste ashes
Sara Tominc, Vilma Ducman, 2023, original scientific article

Abstract: The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is constantly increasing, leading to an increase in the average global temperature and, thus, affecting climate change. Hence, various initiatives have been proposed to mitigate this process, among which CO2 sequestration is a technically simple and efficient approach. The spontaneous carbonation of ashes with atmospheric CO2 is very slow, and this is why accelerated carbonation is encouraged. However, not all ashes are equally suitable for this process, so a methodology to evaluate their potential should be developed. Such a methodology involves a combination of techniques, from theoretical calculations to XRF, XRD, DTA-TG, and the calcimetric determination of the CaCO3 content. The present study followed the approach of exposing ashes to accelerated carbonation conditions (4% v/v CO2, 50–55% and 80–85% RH, 20 ◦C) in a closed carbonation chamber for different periods of time until the maximum CO2 uptake is reached. The amount of sequestered CO2 was quantified by thermogravimetry. The results show that the highest CO2 sequestration capacity (33.8%) and carbonation efficiency (67.9%) were obtained for wood biomass bottom ash. This method was applied to eight combustion ashes and could serve to evaluate other ashes or comparable carbon storage materials.
Keywords: CO2 sequestration, carbonation efficiency, coal ash, wood biomass ash, co-combustion ash, DTA-TG analysis
Published in DiRROS: 08.08.2023; Views: 334; Downloads: 133
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6.
Dataset for the article Methodology for evaluating the CO2 sequestration capacity of waste ashes
Vilma Ducman, Sara Tominc, 2023, complete scientific database of research data

Abstract: The dataset supports the data in the tables and figures in the article Methodology for evaluating the CO2 sequestration capacity of waste ashes (doi: 10.3390/ma16155284). It contains the original masses of waste ash before and during carbonation treatment, the sequestered CO2 masses after carbonation treatment, mass uptake calculations, calcimetric measurements, calculations of theoretical maximum sequestered CO2 (based on XRF results) and carbonation efficiency (CE), original results of DTA/TG analysis of individual ashes, original results of XRF measurement and data from XRD analyses supported by X-ray diffractograms not published in the article.
Keywords: CO2 sequestration, carbonation efficiency, coal ash, wood biomass ash, co-combustion ash, DTA-TG analysis
Published in DiRROS: 14.07.2023; Views: 485; Downloads: 218
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7.
Private forest owner willingness to mobilise wood from dense, small-diameter tree stands
Matevž Triplat, Satu Helenius, Ruben Laina, Nike Krajnc, Thomas Kronholm, Zdenka Ženko, Teppo Hujala, 2023, original scientific article

Abstract: Forests are a source of renewable biomass, and their utilisation will play a vital role in the transition towards a climate-neutral economy. Small-diameter tree management could contribute to this transition via providing renewable biomass for sustainable uses and fostering tree growth towards long-lifecycle bioproducts. The utilisation of small-diameter trees in the EU is still low since new technologies and work models are required to make the operations economically profitable, environmentally sound, and socially attractive. The supply of biomass from small-diameter tree stands is dependent on forest owners with diverse perceptions on their forests and diverse ownership objectives. However, there is scarce research on forest owner perceptions on small-diameter tree management, which encompasses home consumption, self-active work, and commercial forestry services. A survey in four EU countries was designed to identify the main factors affecting the motivation of forest owners to mobilise biomass from small-diameter stands. Factor and clustering analyses were used to identify four forest owner segments: weakly-engaged traders, well-being seekers, self-active profit-seekers, and well-informed service users. The willingness to utilise biomass from small-diameter tree stands and participate in the market was shaped by forest owner knowledge of forestry, economic and socio-cultural motivations, and sensitivity to service offerings. Forest owner preferences for market participation are heterogenous, and thus different policy implementation approaches are needed and proposed.
Keywords: customer profiles, factor analysis, forestry services, management objectives, biomass, communication strategies
Published in DiRROS: 05.01.2023; Views: 606; Downloads: 237
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8.
Environmental impacts of boom-corridor and selectively thinned small-diameter-tree forests
Teresa de la Fuente, Dan Bergström, Raul Fernandez-Lacruz, Teppo Hujala, Nike Krajnc, Ruben Laina, Tomas Nordfjell, Matevž Triplat, Eduardo Tolosana, 2022, original scientific article

Abstract: European forest stands of small-diameter trees can provide industries with biomass as an alternative to fossil use. Small-tree harvesting is costly using conventional methods but using accumulating felling heads (AFH) in combination with a novel boom-corridor thinning (BCT) technique can increase harvester productivity and supply cost efficiency. This method has great potential to reduce costs, but its environmental impact compared with selective thinning (ST) needs to be determined. The objectives of this study were therefore to quantify and compare tree and soil damage as well as air, water and soil emissions for both BCT and ST in various European small-diameter-tree forests. Trials were performed in 84 study units (42 replications per thinning technique) across four countries. Damaged trees (with a diameter at breast height ≥ 7 cm) were measured after thinning and after forwarding. Harvesting emissions were calculated from a life cycle assessment. The percentage of remaining trees that had been damaged by the harvesting processes was 13% and 19% for BCT and ST, respectively, and the difference was significant. BCT exhibited the lowest emissions in all environmental impact categories considered, in all countries. Greenhouse gas emissions were on average 17% lower for BCT. BCT in small-diameter-tree stands therefore reduces the environmental impact of thinning operations compared with conventional methods, and results in less damage to the remaining trees.
Keywords: first thinning, harvesting damages, GHG emissions, forest biomass, forest operations
Published in DiRROS: 17.05.2022; Views: 633; Downloads: 356
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