1. Emerging trends and recent progress of MXene as a promising 2D material for point of care (POC) diagnosticsRaghuraj S. Chouhan, Maitri Shah, Drishya Prakashan, P.R. Ramya, Pratik Kolhe, Sonu Gandhi, 2023, review article Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with chemical and structural diversity have piqued the interest of the scientific community due to their superior photonic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic capabilities that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Among these 2D materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides with a general chemical formula of Mn+1XnTx (where n = 1–3), together known as MXenes, have gained tremendous popularity and demonstrated competitive performance in biosensing applications. In this review, we focus on the cutting-edge advances in MXene-related biomaterials, with a systematic summary on their design, synthesis, surface engineering approaches, unique properties, and biological properties. We particularly emphasize the property–activity–effect relationship of MXenes at the nano– bio interface. We also discuss the recent trends in the application of MXenes in accelerating the performance of conventional point of care (POC) devices towards more practical approaches as the next generation of POC tools. Finally, we explore in depth the existing problems, challenges, and potential for future improvement of MXene-based materials for POC testing, with the goal of facilitating their early realization of biological applications.
Keywords: MXenes, 2D nanomaterials, biosensors, POC testing
Published in DiRROS: 16.12.2025; Views: 418; Downloads: 251
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2. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor using carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride-nanogold composite for SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding proteinP.R. Ramya, Shivmuni Sarup, Ivan Jerman, Raghuraj S. Chouhan, Sonu Gandhi, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: The global response to COVID-19 has exposed critical gaps in rapid, ultrasensitive, and accessible diagnostic technologies, particularly in decentralised and low-resource environments. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor designed for ultrasensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein. This platform was rationally engineered nanocomposite combined with carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride (cGCN) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which synergistically enhance surface reactivity, electron transfer efficiency, and biomolecular interface stability. Hybrid nanomaterials can overcome the kinetic and sensitivity barriers of traditional biosensors, and a cGCN/AuNP hybrid was fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes and functionalized with in-house generated anti-RBD antibodies. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation confirmed the successful integration and surface engineering of the composite. Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry, the sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 fM and demonstrated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.65 fM. This performance exceeds that of many existing SARS-CoV-2 antigen based biosensors and underscores the utility of rational nanomaterial design for high-precision point-of-care viral diagnostics. This approach is readily adaptable for detecting emerging viral pathogens and supporting future pandemic preparedness.
Keywords: graphitic carbon nitride
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 629; Downloads: 225
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