1. Dataset for the article Sequestration capacity of bio-based ashes and influence of carbonation on the leaching behavior depending on their mineralogical compositionSara Tominc, Majda Pavlin, Lea Žibret, Vilma Ducman, Ottosen Lisbeth M., 2025, complete scientific database of research data Abstract: The dataset supports the data presented in the tables and figures of the scientific article Sequestration capacity of bio-based ashes and influence of carbonation on the leaching behavior depending on their mineralogical composition (doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.229). It includes calcimetric measurements, XRF, TGA, and XRD analysis data, as well as calculations of CO2 uptake and CO2 sequestration capacity for the analyzed samples. Additionally, it contains original FTIR measurement data, which are not included in the article and serve as supplementary material.
Published in DiRROS: 21.10.2025; Views: 29; Downloads: 4
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2. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash-blended cementitious materials : performance, challenges, and potential solutionsBoyu Chen, Priyadharshini Perumal, Chen Liu, Yun Chen, Cheng Chang, Majda Pavlin, Davor Kvočka, Vilma Ducman, Tero Luukkonen, Mirja Illikainen, Guang Ye, 2025, review article Abstract: The recycling of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) has attracted global attention, driven by the increasing availability of this by-product and the demand for sustainable SCMs to lower CO2 emissions from cement production. Currently, the widespread use of MSWI bottom ash in the cement industry is hindered by the lack of guidelines to regulate material composition, optimize pretreatment processes, and specify mix design requirements. This review compiles and analyzes literature data on mix design, microstructural evolution, fresh properties, mechanical properties, durability, leaching risks, and environmental impacts of MSWI bottom ash-blended cement pastes, mortars, and concretes. The analysis aims to assess the influence of the pretreatment and physicochemical properties of bottom ash on the microstructure and performance of blended cementitious materials. The Ash Impact Strength Index (AISI) is introduced to quantify the effects of various factors on compressive strength, enabling direct comparison across different studies. Based on the statistical analysis of the 28-day AISI, the key quality requirements for MSWI bottom ash as an SCM are proposed, along with the optimal mix design. This work provides valuable insights and practical guidance to support the integration of bottom ash into the cement industry.
Keywords: ash, ash-blended cementitious materials, performance
Published in DiRROS: 29.08.2025; Views: 340; Downloads: 237
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4. Mineral waste into alkali-activated pavementsMajda Pavlin, Kaja Zupančič, Alenka Sešek Pavlin, 2025, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: The study highlights the pressing need to recycle mineral waste to mitigate resource depletion and environmental damage. It focuses on creating sustainable pavement slabs through alkali activation, using a variety of waste materials such as bio-ash, local slags and mineral wool. Through extensive testing of different mix designs, the optimal mixture was identified: bio-ash, ladle slag, and metakaolin, activated with sodium silicate. This combination demonstrated good mechanical properties and showed low concentrations of toxic elements in leaching tests, confirming environmental safety. The research also prioritized energy efficiency, with the curing process conducted at room temperature and demolding after just one day. A test field at Termit d.d. was established to assess the practical application and potential for commercial use of these innovative paving materials, aiming to support a circular economy by extending the lifecycle of resources.
Keywords: alkali-activation, pavement slabs, mineral waste, recycling
Published in DiRROS: 07.04.2025; Views: 565; Downloads: 284
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5. Analysis of alkali-activated mineral wool-slag binders : evaluating the differences between one-part and two-part variationsElijah Adesanya, Rawia Dabbebi, Christine Rößler, Majda Pavlin, Zhenming Li, Tero Luukkonen, Juho Yliniemi, Mirja Illikainen, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: Two synthesis pathways (one- and two-part) in alkali-activated binders were compared using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), mineral wool (MW) activated using dry and liquid alkali activators with similar Na2O/SiO2 modulus. The effect of activator type on reaction kinetics, strength development, setting times, and durability shows that one-part synthesis does not only improve early strength, but also provide better durability properties. While the highest compressive strength (56 MPa, 90 days) was achieved for the one-part mix (DM), the reaction products (presence of Mg–Al layered double hydroxide and C–S–H-like phases) observed for both mortar mixes were similar. The DM mortars showed better resistance to sulfate attack than two-part mix (WM) mortars and sets faster. The results highlight the significance of the one-part pathways in the synthesis of alkali-activated materials.
Keywords: recycling, alkali activated material, mineral wool
Published in DiRROS: 11.03.2024; Views: 1367; Downloads: 924
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6. Characterisation of a 3D-printed alkali-activated material based on waste mineral wool at room and elevated temperaturesMajda Pavlin, Barbara Horvat, Romana Cerc Korošec, Rok Capuder, Lidija Korat Bensa, Vilma Ducman, 2024, original scientific article Keywords: recycling, alkalijsko aktivirani materiali, 3D print, mineralna volna
Published in DiRROS: 25.01.2024; Views: 1344; Downloads: 928
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7. Fibre reinforced alkali-activated rock woolMajda Pavlin, Barbara Horvat, Vilma Ducman, 2022, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: Mineral wool, i.e. rock and glass wool, represents considerable challenge after its functional-time runs out due to its small density leading to large volume consumption during transport and in landfills where it usually ends. Because rock wool is mineralogically and chemically a promising precursor material for alkali-activation, it was milled from few centimetres-decimeters long fibres to micron-sized fibres. Since fibres in alkali-activated materials generally show an increase in mechanical strength, especially the bending strength, 1 m% of additional fibres (basalt, cellulose (2 types), glass, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol and steel fibres) was used in the alkali mixture, that was curred at 40 °C for 3 days. Time dependence of the mechanical strengths of alkali- activated materials with and without additional fibres was followed. Maximal increase of compressive and bending strength after 28 days was reached with polypropylene fibres, i.e. it was 20% and 30% higher than compressive and bending strength of alkali- activated material without additional fibres respectively.
Keywords: secondary raw material, alkali activated material, foaming, homogenization, mechanical strength
Published in DiRROS: 21.12.2023; Views: 1312; Downloads: 579
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8. Influence of homogenization of alkali-activated slurry on mechanical strengthBarbara Horvat, Mark Češnovar, Katja Traven, Majda Pavlin, Katja Koenig, Vilma Ducman, 2022, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: Alkali-activated materials are promising materials for the construction industry due to the accessibility of the precursors, which are mainly secondary industrial by-products, and their cost- effective and energy-efficient production. Although these materials are not new, some of the parameters in the technological process are not yet fully understood and tested. Therefore, in this paper in the means of mechanical strength, the preparation of alkali-activated pastes by using a three-roll mill homogenization method is discussed. The influence of homogenization of alkali- activated slurry has been evaluated on different waste materials (fly ash, fly ash with metakaolin, slag mixture (electric arc furnace slag and ladle slag), glass wool, waste green ceramics), which are treated with different alkali activators (NaOH, commercial sodium silicate solution, laboratory-produced alkali activators based on waste cathode- ray tube glass) with different curing regimes (60 °C and 70 °C) and different drying methods (drying at room temperature, drying at 105 °C). The viscosity of the slurry before homogenization was higher than after homogenization, the distribution of elements was more uniform and the compressive strength higher in all homogenized alkali activated materials, regardless of other parameters.
Keywords: secondary raw material, alkali activated material, foaming, homogenization, mechanical strength
Published in DiRROS: 21.12.2023; Views: 1112; Downloads: 623
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9. Pilot production of façade panels : variability of mix designMajda Pavlin, Barbara Horvat, Vilma Ducman, 2023, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: As part of the WOOL2LOOP project, the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), in collaboration with Termit d.d. were responsible for the production of façade panels. An initial mix design was developed at ZAG, where alkali-activated façade panels were produced, primarily from stone wool waste, while production took place at Termit. The mix design was changed twice during the pilot production, before a final product with suitable durability was developed. A compressive strength of up to 60 MPa and bending strength of approximately 20 MPa was achieved. The mechanical properties, however, varied, due to the unevenly milled batches of the milled mineral wool. Milling on a larger scale is very challenging, and it is difficult to obtain consistent quality of the milled material. Once the correct curing process had been found, however, the panels produced showed good performance. Moreover, the results from leaching tests showed that the elevated concentrations of certain elements (Cr, As and Mo) did not exceed the legal limits for non- hazardous waste.
Keywords: waste mineral wool, alkali activated material, façade panels, pilot production, circular economy
Published in DiRROS: 28.11.2023; Views: 1966; Downloads: 630
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10. Microwave irradiation of alkali - activated metakaolin slurryBarbara Horvat, Branka Mušič, Majda Pavlin, Vilma Ducman, 2023, published scientific conference contribution Abstract: The building and civil engineering industry generates more than 40% of man-caused carbon emissions, consumes a lot of energy just to produce building materials, generates a large amount of waste through construction and demolition, and consumes a large amount of natural resources. One of the possible solutions is to use alkali-activated materials, which can use waste instead of raw materials and are produced at lower temperatures, with less energy consumption and in less time than traditional building products. All of this lowers the carbon footprint, which could be further reduced by the timely-short implementation of microwave irradiation in the early stages of alkali-activation synthesis. Therefore, metakaolin activated with Na-water glass in a theoretically optimal ratio was irradiated with microwaves of 2.45 GHz at powers of 100 W and 1000 W for 1 min, and compared to non-irradiated reference cured only at room conditions. Samples prepared at higher power, i.e., 1000 W, solidified completely and foamed. TG-DTA was performed on all samples in the early stages of curing, mechanical strengths were measured on 3 and 28-day- old samples, and leaching tests on aged samples.
Keywords: metakaolin, alkali activated material, alkali activated foams, microwave irradiation
Published in DiRROS: 28.11.2023; Views: 2786; Downloads: 616
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