1. Izhodišča za raziskave učinkov flavonoidov, taninov in skupnih beljakovin v frakcijah zrn navadne ajde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in tatarske ajde (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)Blanka Vombergar, Vida Škrabanja, Zlata Luthar, Mateja Germ, 2017, original scientific article Abstract: V svetu in v Sloveniji uporabljamo za hrano predvsem dve vrsti ajde, navadno ajdo (Fagopyrum esculentum) in tatarsko ajdo (Fagopyrum tataricum). Zanimanje za ajdo se je povečalo zaradi njene prehranske vrednosti. Za razliko od žit, pri katerih primanjkuje lizina, so beljakovine ajde zelo kakovostne, s primerno aminokislinsko sestavo glede na potrebe ljudi. Poleg kakovostnih beljakovin je pomembna vsebnost flavonoidov (rutina in kvercetina), vsebnost mineralnih elementov, prehranskih vlaknin, pa tudi zmožnost uspevanja v mejnih območjih kmetijske pridelave. Eden od razlogov za priljubljenost pridelovanja ajde je odpornost ajde proti patogenom in boleznim ter uspešno tekmovanje z rastjo plevelov. Torej je ajda primerna za ekološko pridelovanje. Ajdovo zrnje nima glutena, zato je varno za ljudi s celiakijo, ki lahko uživajo le brezglutensko hrano. Uporaba zrnja in moke tatarske ajde v prehrani se v novejšem času povečuje zaradi visoke vsebnosti rutina v primerjavi z navadno ajdo. Tatarsko ajdo so vsaj 200 let že pridelovali v Sloveniji, se je pa pridelovanje prenehalo v drugi polovici 20. stoletja. V nekaterih predelih Bosne in Hercegovine ter v mejnem območju Islek (severni Luksemburg, Westeifel v Nemčiji in obmejno območje Belgije) so bila še nedavno edina območja v Evropi s pridelavo tatarske ajde za prehrano ljudi. V zadnjih desetih letih se pridelovanje tatarske ajde vrača tudi v Slovenijo. Ajda je pomembna rastlina v prehrani in pri prehranskih navadah v Sloveniji in prav tako v drugih državah srednje Evrope in Azije. V članku je podan pregled podatkov v znanstvenih objavah, ki so pomembna izhodišča za raziskave vsebnosti flavonoidov, taninov in beljakovin v zrnju navadne in tatarske ajde.
Keywords: ajda, proteini, flavonoidi, zdravje, vrednotenje
Published in DiRROS: 28.01.2026; Views: 372; Downloads: 253
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2. Raziskave vsebnosti flavonoidov, taninov in skupnih beljakovin v frakcijah zrn navadne ajde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in tatarske ajde (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)Blanka Vombergar, Zlata Luthar, 2018, original scientific article Abstract: Raziskovali smo vzorce zrnja oz. moke navadne ajde (F. esculentum Moench) in tatarske ajde (F. tataricum Gaertn.). Preučevali smo tri vzorce tatarske ajde iz Luksemburga ter dva vzorca navadne ajde iz Slovenije (cv. ´Darjo´in ´Sivo´). Z mletjem in presejanjem navadne ajde ´Darja´ in tatarske ajde smo pripravili štiri frakcije z različnimi granulacijami ter iz njihpripravili testo oziroma luščine in otrobe navlažili z vodo. S spektrofotometričnimi analizami smo spremljali deleže posameznih frakcij, vsebnost beljakovin in pepela v vseh mlevskih frakcijah in presejanih podfrakcijah ter koncentracijo flavonoidov in taninov v vzorcih moke in testa (liofilizirani vzorci). Tatarska ajda ima bistveno višjo vsebnost flavonoidov kot navadna ajda (tudi več kot 100-krat več v moki). Najvišja vsebnost flavonoidov je v mlevskih frakcijah tatarske ajde z granulacijo nad 100 μm do vključno 1000 μm in sicer 3,5–4,5 % flavonoidov/SS. Tako tatarska kot navadna ajda v vseh mlevskih frakcijah vsebujeta tanine; najvišja koncentracija taninov (0,8 %/SS pri navadni ajdi in 1,3 %/SS pri tatarski ajdi) je v mlevski frakciji z granulacijo nad 236 μm do vključno 1000 μm. Flavonoidi, pa tudi tanini, se po mlevskih frakcijah (z različno granulacijo) različno razporejeni. Razporeditev med mlevskimi frakcijami ni enaka pri tatarski in navadni ajdi. Različni vzorci tatarske ajde se med seboj razlikujejo po vsebnosti polifenolnih spojin, posebej velike so razlike v vsebnosti flavonoidov, manjše pa so razlike v koncentracijah taninov.
Keywords: ajda, proteini, flavonoidi, tanini, razporeditev
Published in DiRROS: 27.01.2026; Views: 307; Downloads: 293
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3. Rutin in kvercetin v moki iz navadne in tatarske ajdeBlanka Vombergar, 2020, original scientific article Abstract: Raziskovali smo vzorce navadne ajde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in tatarske ajde (F. tataricum Gaertn.). Vzorce smo mleli, presejavali, pripravljali testo (mešanica moke in vode) ter izmerili vsebnost rutina in kvercetina. Tatarska ajda ima bistveno višjo vsebnost rutina kot navadna ajda. Vsebnost rutina v raziskovani tatarski ajdi je 1,17–1,75 % v suhi snovi (SS), v navadni ajdi ´siva´ pa le 0,003 %. V tatarski ajdovi moki smo izmerili okoli 400x več rutina kot v navadni ajdovi moki. Pri neposrednem stiku ajdove moke z vodo težko najdemo vzporednice med tatarsko ajdo in navadno ajdo in dogajanji v povezavi z rutinom v testu. Koncentracija rutina v testu se po določenem času (različen čas pri navadni in tatarski ajdi – 5 minut do 2 uri) močno zniža, pojavi se kvercetin. Pri neposrednem stiku moke z vodo se vsebnost rutina v tatarski ajdovi moki močno zniža že po prvih 5 minutah delovanja (z 11,7 na 0,79 mg/100 g SS), pojavi pa se kvercetin (5,7 mg/100 g SS), v vzorcu moke ga je le 0,6 mg/100 g SS. Pri neposrednem stiku moke iz navadne ajde z vodo vsebnost rutina v moki (vzorec S) naraste v prvi uri z začetnih 0,0258 mg/g na 0,0263 mg/g SS (v začetnem času nekoliko manj enakomerno), v drugi uri stika moke in vode pa koncentracija rutina močno pade (na 0,0005 mg/g SS).
Keywords: navadna ajda, tatarska ajda, flavonoidi, rutin, kvercetin, mletje, testo
Published in DiRROS: 19.01.2026; Views: 485; Downloads: 294
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4. Sporočilo ob 40. letnici svetovnega dne hrane 2019Peter Raspor, Emil Erjavec, Darja Barlič-Maganja, Bety Breznik, Bojan Butinar, Ivan Eržen, Mojca Jevšnik Podlesnik, Elizabeta Mičović, Andrej Ovca, Blaža Nahtigal, Janez Podobnik, Igor Pravst, Marjeta Recek, Sonja Smole Možina, Dejan Škorjanc, Zdravko Štor, David Tavželj, Blanka Vombergar, 2020, professional article Keywords: varna hrana, varnost živil, samooskrba, oskrbovalna veriga, zdrava hrana
Published in DiRROS: 15.12.2025; Views: 402; Downloads: 317
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5. New insights into structures and composition of plant food materialsIvan Kreft, Paula Pongrac, Meiliang Zhou, Katarina Vogel-Mikuš, Primož Pelicon, Primož Vavpetič, Marijan Nečemer, Johannes Teun van Elteren, Marjana Regvar, Matevž Likar, Mateja Germ, Aleksandra Golob, Alenka Gaberščik, Igor Pravst, Anita Kušar, Blanka Vombergar, Vida Škrabanja, Darja Kocjan Ačko, Zlata Luthar, 2017, review article Keywords: micro-PIXE, micro-XRF, SEM, transmission electron microscopy, laser ablation, food composition, plant structures
Published in DiRROS: 24.11.2025; Views: 512; Downloads: 372
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7. Phytochemistry, bioactivities of metabolites, and traditional uses of Fagopyrum tataricumIvan Kreft, Mateja Germ, Aleksandra Golob, Blanka Vombergar, Alena Vollmannová, Samo Kreft, Zlata Luthar, 2022, review article Abstract: In Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the edible parts are mainly grain and sprouts. Tartary buckwheat contains protecting substances, which make it possible for plants to survive on high altitudes and under strong natural ultraviolet radiation. The diversity and high content of phenolic substances are important for Tartary buckwheat to grow and reproduce under unfriendly environmental effects, diseases, and grazing. These substances are mainly flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, vitexin, catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate), phenolic acids, fagopyrins, and emodin. Synthesis of protecting substances depends on genetic layout and on the environmental conditions, mainly UV radiation and temperature. Flavonoids and their glycosides are among Tartary buckwheat plants bioactive metabolites. Flavonoids are compounds of special interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential in preventing tiredness, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. During the processing and production of food items, Tartary buckwheat metabolites are subjected to molecular transformations. The main Tartary buckwheat traditional food products are bread, groats, and sprouts.
Keywords: tartary buckwheat, rutin, quercetin, flavonoid, secondary metabolites, nutrition
Published in DiRROS: 19.11.2025; Views: 460; Downloads: 306
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8. Molecular shield for protection of buckwheat plants from UV-B radiationIvan Kreft, Alena Vollmannová, Judita Lidiková, Janette Musilová, Mateja Germ, Aleksandra Golob, Blanka Vombergar, Darja Kocjan Ačko, Zlata Luthar, 2022, review article Abstract: Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) are adapted to growing in harsh conditions of high altitudes. Ultraviolet radiation at high altitudes strongly impacts plant growth and development. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, protecting substances are synthesized in plants. The synthesis of UV-B defense metabolites is genetically conditioned, and their quantity depends on the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation to which the plants and plant parts are exposed. These substances include flavonoids, and especially rutin. Other substances with aromatic rings of six carbon atoms have a similar function, including fagopyrin, the metabolite specific for buckwheat. Defensive substances are formed in the leaves and flowers of common and Tartary buckwheat, up to about the same concentration in both species. In comparison, the concentration of rutin in the grain of Tartary buckwheat is much higher than in common buckwheat. Flavonoids also have other functions in plants so that they can protect them from pests and diseases. After crushing the grains, rutin is exposed to contact with the molecules of rutin-degrading enzymes. In an environment with the necessary humidity, rutin is turned into bitter quercetin under the action of rutin-degrading enzymes. This bitterness has a deterrent effect against pests. Moreover, flavonoids have important functions in human nutrition to prevent several chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, gallstone formation, and hypertension.
Keywords: buckwheat, rutin, quercetin, flavonoid, secondary metabolites, UV radiation, altitude, climatic change
Published in DiRROS: 19.11.2025; Views: 543; Downloads: 308
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9. Impact of rutin and other phenolic substances on the digestibility of buckwheat grain metabolitesIvan Kreft, Mateja Germ, Aleksandra Golob, Blanka Vombergar, Francesco Bonafaccia, Zlata Luthar, 2022, review article Abstract: Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is grown in eastern and central Asia (the Himalayan regions of China, Nepal, Bhutan and India) and in central and eastern Europe (Luxemburg, Germany, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina). It is known for its high concentration of rutin and other phenolic metabolites. Besides the grain, the other aboveground parts of Tartary buckwheat contain rutin as well. After the mixing of the milled buckwheat products with water, the flavonoid quercetin is obtained in the flour–water mixture, a result of rutin degradation by rutinosidase. Heating by hot water or steam inactivates the rutin-degrading enzymes in buckwheat flour and dough. The low buckwheat protein digestibility is due to the high content of phenolic substances. Phenolic compounds have low absorption after food intake, so, after ingestion, they remain for some time in the gastrointestinal tract. They can act in an inhibitory manner on enzymes, degrading proteins and other food constituents. In common and Tartary buckwheat, the rutin and quercetin complexation with protein and starch molecules has an impact on the in vitro digestibility and the appearance of resistant starch and slowly digestible proteins. Slowly digestible starch and proteins are important for the functional and health-promoting properties of buckwheat products.
Keywords: tartary buckwheat, phenolic substances, rutin, quercetin, protein, starch, nutrition, digestibility, flavonoid
Published in DiRROS: 19.11.2025; Views: 444; Downloads: 257
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10. Tartary buckwheat grain as a source of bioactive compounds in husked groatsIvan Kreft, Aleksandra Golob, Blanka Vombergar, Mateja Germ, 2023, review article Abstract: Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) originates in mountain regions of Western China, and is cultivated in China, Bhutan, Northern India, Nepal, and Central Europe. The content of flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat grain and groats is much higher than in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), and depends on ecological conditions, such as UV-B radiation. Buckwheat intake has preventative effects in chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, due to its content of bioactive substances. The main bioactive compounds in Tartary buckwheat groats are flavonoids (rutin and quercetin). There are differences in the bioactivities of buckwheat groats obtained using different husking technologies, based on husking raw or pretreated grain. Husking hydrothermally pretreated grain is among the traditional ways of consuming buckwheat in Europe and some parts of China and Japan. During hydrothermal and other processing of Tartary buckwheat grain, a part of rutin is transformed to quercetin, the degradation product of rutin. By adjusting the humidity of materials and the processing temperature, it is possible to regulate the degree of conversion of rutin to quercetin. Rutin is degraded to quercetin in Tartary buckwheat grain due to the enzyme rutinosidase. The high-temperature treatment of wet Tartary buckwheat grain is able to prevent the transformation of rutin to quercetin.
Keywords: Fagopyrum tataricum, Fagopyrum esculentum, flavonoids, rutin, quercetin, food, grain, groats, metabolites
Published in DiRROS: 19.11.2025; Views: 495; Downloads: 279
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