20.500.12556/DiRROS-32282 Fetal magnetocardiography using optically pumped magnetometers a literature review Fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) provides direct non-invasive assessment of fetal cardiac electrophysiology, enabling detailed evaluation of cardiac rhythm, conduction, and repolarization. However, the clinical adoption of conventional fMCG has been limited by its reliance on superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) systems, which require cryogenic cooling and specialized infrastructure. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have emerged as a promising cryogen-free alternative with the potential to broaden access to fetal electrophysiological assessment. This review summarizes the technological evolution and early clinical evaluation of OPM-based fMCG through an analysis of original in vivo human studies published up to June 2026. Twelve eligible studies were identified and synthesized narratively. Advances in sensor design, magnetic shielding, acquisition strategies, and signal-processing algorithms have enabled SQUID-comparable signal quality and cardiac interval measurements while substantially reducing cryogenic and infrastructure requirements. OPM-fMCG has demonstrated the potential to assess fetal cardiac time intervals, heart rate variability, fetal movement, and clinically important arrhythmias, including congenital long QT syndrome, atrioventricular block, and supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. However, the available evidence remains dominated by small, single-centre studies, with relatively few fetuses affected by clinically significant arrhythmias. Prospective multicenter clinical validation, protocol standardization, independent replication, and regulatory evaluation are therefore required before OPM-fMCG can be integrated into routine diagnostic pathways for pregnancies requiring advanced fetal electrophysiological assessment. fetal magnetocardiography optically pumped magnetometers quantum sensors fetal arrhythmia fetal electrocardiology prenatal diagnosis cardiac electrophysiology SQUID biomagnetism magnetic sensing magnetokardiografija ploda optični magnetometri kvantni senzorji aritmija pri plodu elektrokardiologija ploda prenatalna diagnostika elektrofiziologija srca biomagnetizem true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2026-09-03 16:00:51 2026-09-03 16:00:52 2026-09-04 04:12:17 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 23 str. iss. 9, art. no. 487 Vol. 16 Sep. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2026-09-01 537:612.171 2079-6374 10.3390/bios16090487 289943811 biosensors-16-00487.pdf biosensors-16-00487.pdf 1 0C478DFF0DA327D5878A3CF11A2EC91C 1c4b4f74219460068a16ea5041db8470c5887a583c011e7bb5b223b19fff78d1 4a122f45-a7a0-11f1-8503-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=50430 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/16/9/487 1 e78bb9de-a79f-11f1-8503-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=50429 Inštitut za matematiko, fiziko in mehaniko 0 0 0