20.500.12556/DiRROS-32249 Unveiling non-classical pathways in copper electrodeposition via in situ electrochemical liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy Electrochemical nucleation and growth are traditionally described by classical atom-by-atom deposition models, yet the nanoscale dynamics governing phase formation at electrochemical interfaces remain poorly understood. Here, we directly visualize copper electrodeposition on glassy carbon by combining in situ electrochemical liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (EC-TEM) with cyclic voltammetry, enabling direct correlation between global electrochemical signals and particle-resolved structural dynamics. Real-time imaging reveals that nanoparticle formation proceeds through a complex interplay of classical and non-classical pathways. Beyond radial and dendritic growth, we observe a range of particle-level processes, including mobility, coalescence, ripening-like mass exchange, and discrete relocation events, reflecting coupled transport and morphological transformation at the nanoscale. Quantitative tracking of individual nanoparticles reveals localized mass-transfer processes, including near one-to-one ripening dynamics and particle–particle interactions that redistribute material without producing a clear signature in the voltammetric response. These findings demonstrate that processes such as ripening, coalescence, and structural rearrangements can proceed without a discernible signature in the global electrochemical response. By bridging in situ nanoscale imaging with electrochemical analysis, this work provides direct mechanistic insight into early-stage electrochemical phase formation and highlights the dynamic nature of metal growth at electrochemical interfaces. true false true Wiley Angleški jezik Ni določen © 2026 The Author(s). Neznano 2026-09-02 12:52:09 2026-09-02 12:52:10 2026-09-03 03:56:42 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Soavtor iz Slovenije: Sašo Šturm; Opis vira z dne 19. 8. 2026; str. 1-11 iss. 7, [article no.] e70327 Vol. 6 Jul. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2026-04-01 2026-06-09 2026-07-05 54 2688-4046 10.1002/smsc.70327 288223491 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smsc.70327 1 5c5cd78d-a6bc-11f1-8a94-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=50344 RAZ_Parpal_Gimenez_Monica_2026.pdf RAZ_Parpal_Gimenez_Monica_2026.pdf 1 7EDC0CFBF534E052D0684D9F87E0C302 0c879cbb15b0ebb36474d2eacabe4d043db624726f425b4a3afba277800a55fd 3fc8edd3-a6bd-11f1-8a94-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=50345 Institut Jožef Stefan 0 0 0