20.500.12556/DiRROS-31460 A comparative analysis of legal frameworks for circularity in the built environment a large language model-assisted study of nine jurisdictions supporting the sustainable development goals The high consumption of raw materials and the generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) represent significant sustainability challenges. The circular economy (CE) offers a promising pathway but requires effective legislation. Although considerable attention has been devoted to the technical and economic aspects of CE, comparative analyses of national regulatory frameworks remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the regulatory environments of nine countries: Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Türkiye. With a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) architecture based on a large language model (LLM), national and regional legal texts were analysed and fact-checked by experts. The results reveal substantial differences in regulatory maturity, enforcement mechanisms, and data platforms, resulting in the identification of three country clusters. The findings indicate that effective CDW management depends on legislative harmonisation, institutional capacity, data openness, and economic incentives. In addition, the study suggests that LLMs can serve as powerful instruments for comparative legal analysis in multilingual sustainability research. construction and demolition waste circular economy comparative analysis large language model legal text SDG 12 gradbeni odpadki krožno gospodarstvo primerjalna analiza veliki jezikovni model pravno besedilo cilj trajnostnega razvoja št. 12 true false true AGH University of Science and Technology Press Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik © 2026 Author(s) Neznano 2026-08-03 11:27:56 2026-08-03 11:30:34 2026-08-04 03:53:12 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 str. 151-191 no. 4 Vol. 20 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2026-07-30 620.1/.2 2300-7095 10.7494/geom.2026.20.4.151 286558723 https://www.gaee.agh.edu.pl/gaee/article/view/1219 1 a3a549d0-8f1d-11f1-a7fa-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=48738 RAZ_Kaczmarek_Iwona_2026.pdf RAZ_Kaczmarek_Iwona_2026.pdf 1 5F75971890A552F5912A5444CFB9F603 805de61a013238e99014c3a3a04f593edef33ec8cc2bee0fa1c550f2eef8ed85 e472acf6-8f1d-11f1-a7fa-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=48740 Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije 0 0 0