20.500.12556/DiRROS-31298 Quantitative comparison of food-based dietary guidelines alignment with the Slovenian nutrition guidelines 2025 and Slovenian intake Purpose: Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are a key instrument for translating nutrition science into public health advice, yet direct comparison across guidelines is hindered by differences in food grouping, units, and formulation of recommendations. Slovenia has recently developed and scientifically completed the Slovenian Nutrition Guidelines 2025 (SNG2025), its updated FBDGs, which have been submitted for governmental adoption but are not yet officially adopted. The SNG2025 extend conventional FBDGs into a quantitative, plant-forward framework that integrates health and environmental sustainability. However, their quantitative position relative to contemporary international guidelines and nationally representative intake data has not yet been systematically evaluated. Methods: We compared 13 national FBDGs (Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Austria, Spain, France, Canada, United States, China, United Kingdom and Australia) and two international frameworks (Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and EAT–Lancet) with the SNG2025. Recommendations were extracted for major food groups and mathematically converted (standardised) to a common unit (g/day) using predefined conversion factors and explicitly stated assumptions. Results: The SNG2025 are largely consistent with international practice. Strong convergence was observed for fruits and vegetables, while recommendations for legumes, nuts, and whole grains closely aligned with EAT–Lancet targets and those from Spain and Austria. Slovenian upper limits for meat, dairy and eggs were comparable to those in several European and international guidelines; notably, some FBDGs suggest more stringent reductions than the SNG2025. Several guidelines allow fortified plant-based alternatives to fully replace animal-based dairy. Greater variability was observed for fish and seafood, reflecting regional dietary traditions. Significant heterogeneity in the formulation of recommendations (e.g., portion-based vs. weight-based) was identified. Conclusions: The SNG2025 are well aligned with contemporary international and national recommendations and align with widely accepted quantitative ranges for all major food groups. Differences between guidelines reflect cultural framing and quantification rather than conflicting nutritional principles. The SNG2025 demonstrate that contemporary dietary guidelines can integrate quantitative guidance, a plant-forward approach, and sustainability considerations while remaining aligned with international evidence. These findings support the use of SNG2025 as a reference framework for the development and evaluation of future dietary guidelines in comparable settings. food-based dietary guidelines · dietary recommendations plant-forward diet · sustainable diet international comparison food groups EAT–lancet nordic nutrition recommendations prehranske smernice na podlagi hrane prehranska priporočila rastlinska prehrana trajnostna prehrana mednarodna primerjava skupine živil EAT–lancet Nordijska prehranska priporočila true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2026-07-24 13:51:31 2026-07-24 13:51:32 2026-07-25 03:45:59 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 3. 6. 2026; str. 1-24 no. 4, [article no.] 148 Vol. 65 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 613.2 1436-6215 10.1007/s00394-026-04009-4 280211971 RAZ_Kreft_Samo_2026.pdf RAZ_Kreft_Samo_2026.pdf 1 64BB2729CCE887C0302246A9A43F8055 fb0a2f4bb37050cfde55593414756fd15d9a42345998b08b79b1f686b1c89795 24b1bf8c-8756-11f1-812a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=48380 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-026-04009-4 1 0575f791-8756-11f1-812a-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=48379 Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana 0 0 0