20.500.12556/DiRROS-29267 Hypopituitarism and cardiovascular risk Hypopituitarism, resulting from a partial or complete deficiency of anterior or posterior pituitary hormones, is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. This heterogeneous endocrinological disorder may arise from various etiologies, including genetic mutations, pituitary tumors, traumatic brain injury, and autoimmune diseases. Hypopituitarism often results in multiple endocrine deficits that contribute to metabolic dysregulation characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased visceral adiposity, all known risk factors for CV disease (CVD). Additionally, the presence of chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction further increases the risk of CVD in these patients. While standard hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is crucial for restoring hormonal balance, it can sometimes have adverse metabolic effects that can exacerbate atherosclerosis and CVD. Emerging evidence suggests that optimizing HRT regimens and addressing specific hormone deficiencies, such as growth hormone and cortisol, may reduce these risks and improve CV outcomes. This review comprehensively analyzes the etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CV risk in anterior pituitary dysfunction, and treatment strategies to mitigate CV morbidity and mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. hypopituitarism cardiovascular risk cardiovascular disease GH deficiency hormone replacement therapy hipopituitarizem kardiovaskularno tveganje kardiovaskularna bolezen pomanjkanje rastnega hormona nadomestno hormonsko zdravljenje true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Neznano 2026-05-05 12:11:36 2026-05-05 12:11:36 2026-05-06 03:51:48 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Nasl. z nasl. zaslona; Opis vira z dne 17. 4. 2026; str. 1-22 Vol. 30 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 616.1 1940-4034 10.1177/1074248425133239 275553027 RAZ_Kraljevic_Ivana_2025.pdf RAZ_Kraljevic_Ivana_2025.pdf 1 C6F76A65C06F4162AD0BF7F54A930882 02f389cd321663c81cf2056d450f98a3541690b06aab893481caf956d93f6046 fb01f048-486a-11f1-969d-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=43798 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10742484251332398 1 cde67f79-486a-11f1-969d-001a4af901a5 https://dirros.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=43797 Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana 0 0 0